[Abstract]
This paper will argue the case for CSR audits as a means to measure and call business to account for their CSR performance and the impact of this performance in broader societal terms. It will addre...

[Short version]
This paper will argue the case for CSR audits as a means to measure and call business to account for their CSR performance and the impact of this performance in broader societal terms. It will address the potential for CSR audits, to provide a new analytical measurement, that could signify the coming of age of corporate social responsibility.

[Abstract]
This paper is focussed on business and multi-stakeholder initiatives related to monitoring and auditing labour standards in retailers� supply chains. It proposes to comparatively assess and to questio...

[Short version]
This paper is focussed on business and multi-stakeholder initiatives related to monitoring and auditing labour standards in retailers� supply chains. It proposes to comparatively assess and to question the regulatory potential of these initiatives compared to sector-specific initiatives. It addresses present interrogations about the effectiveness of social auditing whether by third parties or in-house auditors and concludes about the antinomy of retailers� business model and internal purchasing policies, which face great pressure in the current crisis context, with enforcing on-site code compliance and effectively addressing human rights issues within their supply chain.

[Abstract]
The presentation will develop a theoretical framework to understand the opportunities and the risks associated with new governance mechanisms in the context of business ethics, such as social standard...

[Short version]
The presentation will develop a theoretical framework to understand the opportunities and the risks associated with new governance mechanisms in the context of business ethics, such as social standards or initiatives like the Global Compact and ISO 26000. Based on Weberian sociology, elements of a multilevel approach called cultural business ethics will be sketched along the lines of a theory of action, a theory of institutions and a theory of spheres of values. This idea will then be more concretely applied to the relationship between businesses and society. Drawing on sociological neo-institutionalism, I will describe this relationship as a network-like figuration within "organizational fields". The perspective will be used to highlight the governance mechanisms mentioned above as "soft law" that provides businesses with legitimacy in modern societies. From a theoretical perspective it cannot be clarified whether or not these governance mechanisms are merely ways of green or blue washing (to absorb moral stakes from the firm's environment). However, it will be argued that even in the case of "cosmetic initiatives" businesses might "walk the talk" in the long-run.

[Abstract]
The quest for global governance regimes is motivated by the need both to hold global corporations accountable in the same way as purely domestic companies, and to tackle global problems in which all s...

[Short version]
The quest for global governance regimes is motivated by the need both to hold global corporations accountable in the same way as purely domestic companies, and to tackle global problems in which all sectors have a stake. Multisectoral networks are a promising approach, given the regulatory shortcomings of markets and hierarchies at the global level. This paper presents a typology of network patterns that shows which ones impose too much or too little accountability. It is argued that certain common pitfalls in network governance regimes can be identified using a typology based on various combinations of bonding structures and core-periphery structures. The typology may therefore be useful in diagnosing defects in network governance systems and in recommending corrective interventions.

[Abstract]
The automotive industry has been experiencing difficulties as a result of the recent global financial crisis (GFC). Both General Motors (GM) and Chrysler have filed for bankruptcy; an example of the m...

[Short version]
The automotive industry has been experiencing difficulties as a result of the recent global financial crisis (GFC). Both General Motors (GM) and Chrysler have filed for bankruptcy; an example of the mounting crisis that the car industry is currently facing. This seems to signal a failure on the part of the automotive manufacturers to effectively manage their businesses in a rapidly changing environment, requiring effective and dynamic leadership skills. In this paper, we explore how companies are responding to these new challenges and explore the changes that the automotive industry is persuing. A three step process is used, first analysing the visibility of CSR on the website, using a coding scheme developed in previous research. Furthermore, we use a content analysis software package called “Leximancer” to analyse the CSR reports provided on the website to identify the themes. We then compare the brand values of the companies with their CSR performances.

[Abstract]
The tourism industry has been accused for a long time of not caring enough about its environmental and social impacts. However, recently some collective effort towards a more responsible and sustainab...

[Short version]
The tourism industry has been accused for a long time of not caring enough about its environmental and social impacts. However, recently some collective effort towards a more responsible and sustainable tourism is starting. We witness the emergence of multistakeholder partnerships in an effort to propose and establish new governance frameworks. This paper contributes to the emerging discussion on global governance by providing a framework of analysis of how these initiatives are created and developed. By looking at the internal institutional characteristics of one of the most important multistakeholder initiatives in the tourism industry, The Global Partnership for Sustainable Tourism Criteria (henceforth GSTC-Partnership), we study how the organizations involved and their leadership make sense of this initiative. We observe two distinct leadership roles in the process of sensemaking in the partnership initiative: the role of the innovation brokers (which we call “crickets” in reference to the Lafontaine fable) and the role of implementing organizations (which we call “ants”). The two roles operate with different legitimacy and relational strategies, and use distinct boundary objects. Our argument is that both roles are necessary for improving the outcomes of the partnerships in advancing change in the industry towards a sustainable model, since the first strategy provides innovation and inspiration for managers, while the second consolidates the initiatives. We also argue that both roles contribute to the creation of social capital supporting the development of more sustainable business and in our context, towards a more sustainable tourism industry.

[Abstract]
This paper presents current issues of the ethical dimensions of the present crisis. First, ethical dimension of experts responsibility is analyzed. This responsibility is a moral commandment to protec...

[Short version]
This paper presents current issues of the ethical dimensions of the present crisis. First, ethical dimension of experts responsibility is analyzed. This responsibility is a moral commandment to protect the interests of the people whose decisions and actions depend on the knowledge and advice of the expert. Next, the reconstruction of the place and significance of credit institutions in society is presented with the intention to understand the phenomenon of responsibility for the results of the actions of credit institutions, which more and more turn out to be disastrous. Finally, it is noticed that the transformation of credit itself allows to reveal its certain characteristics that are distinctive to the present day, such as: democratization, depersonalization, diversification. It is indicated that new market visions are presented in the time of crisis. However, new formulas can be effective only if the right diagnosis is made beforehand. Three different visions of capitalism: predacious, civilized, and responsible, are characterized. Although those who consider the present economy in terms of responsible capitalism acknowledge the obviously vital role of individual ethical behavior, they place companies in a broader context of social expectations and actions for the sake of the common good, showing in what way these expectations are met in business practice. The paper concludes that due to default of some highest moral or economic good, we resort ultimately, both in the morality of aspiration and in marginal utility economics, to the notion of balance “not too much, not too little”. It is a characteristic of common sense that people pursue a plurality of aims; therefore an obsessive concern for some single end can in fact be taken as a symptom of mental disease. This advice is directed both to the people from the business world as to the people from the legal world, but also moralists who sometimes need to be reminded of the virtue of practical realism, in other words the attitude of eminent people that is restrained for the benefit of the remaining society members.

[Abstract]
Collaboration for Business and Societal Change PDX Lounge: A New Economic Development Framework By Ruby Gates and Stephanie Swanson Principals of MarketShift Strategies, Inc. Around the wor...

[Short version]
Collaboration for Business and Societal Change PDX Lounge: A New Economic Development Framework By Ruby Gates and Stephanie Swanson Principals of MarketShift Strategies, Inc. Around the world, local governments, business leaders and society at large face unprecedented economic and environmental challenges. A quick tour of North America reveals the rapid emergence of sustainability both as a framework for the future and as a misunderstood ´buzzword.´ As the world struggles with complex issues such as climate change, globalization and urbanization, communal problem-solving with applied innovation will set a foundation for new and heretofore unimagined solutions to create responsible and regenerative economies and communities. In America’s Pacific Northwest, collaborative business models and unconventional partnerships are becoming a key point of differentiation in the race to lead a new-era economy. Decades of foresighted policy and land-use planning, technology investment, engaged citizenry and extensive education and outreach have become the core ‘DNA’ for sustainable leadership in this region. Portland, Oregon in particular has become a U.S. model for the ‘sustainable urban experience’. This west coast city has built a reputation for bringing together policymakers, business leaders, academic institutions and local citizenry to demonstrate the interconnections between applied economic development strategies, sustainable best practices and policy innovation. Each new plan, practice, product or technology brings about fresh ideas and elevated standards. Governments, business leaders, and advocacy groups are turning to Portland and Oregon to learn from our experience and discover how to seamlessly connect the natural environment to the built environment and back again. A History of Oregon’s Sustainability Milestones 1979 Portland becomes the first U.S. city to adopt a local energy policy 1991 Oregon Recycling Act 1991 Oregon residential energy code promoting conservation 1993 First U.S. Local Action Plan on Global Warming 1999 Public Benefits Charge support conservation and renewable energy programs 

 2000 City of Portland creates Office of Sustainable Development 2002 Green Investment Fund 
 2005 Portland sets intent for wind farm to power city government 2007 Portland launches first new construction carbon ´feebate´ to encourage higher green building standards 
 2008 Oregon Way created to direct U.S. stimulus dollars towards green building, renewables and energy efficiency 
 2009 City of Portland/Multnomah County update Climate Action Plan 
 Outcomes of this Commitment History • SustainLane has ranked Portland as the most sustainable city in the U.S. for the second consecutive year. The SustainLane U.S. City Rankings the most complete report card on urban sustainability in America. • New businesses and sustainable industries have gravitated to the Oregon region, many of which are pioneering new innovation and economic development on key fronts, including renewable energy - such as wind, solar, wave, geothermal and biofuel. With a large aspect of the 2009 American Recovery Act dedicated toward sustainable energy and industries, Oregon attracted national-level support in these areas. • Energy efficiency strategies have also yielded proud outcomes: strong energy codes, city energy conservation measures save $2 million annually--22% of total energy costs, and Green Building standards for city facilities, low income housing and commercial buildings. • Financial incentives for sustainable energy use practices have been implemented, and measurements to date demonstrate strong results: o Residential Energy Tax Credit - 25% o Business Energy Tax Credit - 35% o Energy Trust of Oregon - $70 million/year o Carbon offsets to The Climate Trust - $1 million Sharing the Oregon Sustainability Story Join MarketShift Strategies Principals Ruby Gates and Stephanie Swanson as they explore how an unprecedented approach to collaborative marketing, business development and idea sharing raised awareness about the Portland, Oregon region and its wealth of sustainable industries and experiences. In this session, MarketShift Strategies brings to life the ´Oregon Sustainability Story´ through the lens of an initiative the company created in collaboration with the City of Portland and more than 50 industry partners: PDX Lounge. PDX Lounge Case Study: Through the case study of PDX Lounge - a unified collaborative effort to elevate sustainability - Gates and Swanson will illuminate how one city, dozens of businesses and non-profit groups joined together to create a "living laboratory," which exports the distinctive Portland mindset to other cities seeking the promise of sustainable practices and economics. The effort evolved into a statewide initiative with national ramifications, offering a new framework for best practice sharing that can be transferred to other cities and nations around the globe. By sharing their insights and enthusiasm with EABIS Colloquium attendees, Gates and Swanson will inspire audience members to consider how collaborative models can elevate and enhance the holistic business goals of other cities, their economies and environments. The Results: In one year, PDX Lounge achieved the following success measurement indicators: • Nearly doubled partnership – from 32 to 54 participating organizations • Increased initiative revenue year-on-year by more than 100% • Enhanced PDX Lounge partner supply chain with increased market demand, new product development and company awareness • Grew initiative engagement across 31 countries, 49 states • Catalyzed launch of new business association, new sustainable development in downtown Portland and new policy in support of green building development The outcome of the MarketShift Strategies session will be an exchange of fresh ideas and key lessons learned, in the hopes that PDX Lounge-inspired efforts will be adopted and customized to support the success of sustainable cities and economies around the world. ***** Based in Portland, Oregon (USA), MarketShift Strategies is a business strategy group that aligns opportunity with market transformation. Please visit www.marketshiftstrategies.com for details about the above-noted case studies, thought leaders and collaborative business models. Other References: http://www.portlandonline.com/osd/ http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/BUS/docs/betcbro.pdf http://www.sustainlane.com/us-city-rankings/

[Abstract]
Quantum theoretic ideas when applied to classical game theory allow knowledge of moves of other players (the so-called quantum miracle move) to determine the outcomes of interaction problems. This wor...

[Short version]
Quantum theoretic ideas when applied to classical game theory allow knowledge of moves of other players (the so-called quantum miracle move) to determine the outcomes of interaction problems. This work adds rigor in gaining understanding of governmentality problems involving public states and organized private business interests. Matten and Crane (2005) have suggested that scholarship in corporate citizenship and social responsibilities needs to remain open to further conceptual debate. The results of using quantum models to such problems suggest it is naive, at best, to expect private business interests, unguided by public policy objectives, to produce desirable policy outcomes. Investiture of social security in private business interests represents more an institutional project that serves the interests of institutional actors.

[Abstract]
The aim of this paper is to question the evolution of the role of the CEO in the CR deepening. If CEO advocated for the creation of CR Departments at the beginning of the 21st Century, the behaviour o...

[Short version]
The aim of this paper is to question the evolution of the role of the CEO in the CR deepening. If CEO advocated for the creation of CR Departments at the beginning of the 21st Century, the behaviour of some CEOs (AIG, Valeo, Merrill Lynch) in terms of compensation during the current crisis can constitute a major barrier to the CR deepening. In that sense, this paper will consider the formation of a new CR indicator based on the correlation between the CEO and Board compensation on the first hand, and the economic performance, on the second hand focusing on the situation in France, Spain and US. This indicator will provide some insights concerning 1/ the social responsibility of the CEO and Board as stakeholder of their company, 2/ the incentive of being responsible in terms of compensation and 3/ the evolution of the role of the CEO and CR Manager with the crisis.

[Abstract]
This contribution will examine multiple ways in which the economic recession, credit crisis and the climate issue interact, and where policy measures (potentially) conflict or might be mutually reinfo...

[Short version]
This contribution will examine multiple ways in which the economic recession, credit crisis and the climate issue interact, and where policy measures (potentially) conflict or might be mutually reinforcing, thus reflecting on the subtitle (�killing two birds with one stone?�). In this respect, the broader areas where determined policy efforts are needed to break the climate change dead-lock will be considered as well. This includes a consideration of the competitive implications as well as the technological options and market development opportunities related to climate change. Sectors and companies that are highly salient for the issue will receive specific attention as they are crucial for moving towards news forms of global and corporate governance that reckon with the environmental and social problems we face.

[Abstract]
This paper traces the current financial market crisis to a breakdown in governance that has its roots in the co-evolution of political and economic developments and of theory and policy since the 1929...

[Short version]
This paper traces the current financial market crisis to a breakdown in governance that has its roots in the co-evolution of political and economic developments and of theory and policy since the 1929 Stock Market Crash. The paper begins by tracing developments in economic theory and policy, and their influence on events in an increasingly global political and economic environment. It then explores parallel advances relating to the firm, organizations and corporate governance, highlighting the governance and regulatory challenges posed by globalization. In this context, the anatomy of the current financial crisis is explored, and located in context. From the still unfolding events, conclusions are drawn and implications for corporate governance reform are suggested.

[Abstract]
Response to EABIS call for papers for annual colloquium in Barcelona September 2009 Abstract CSR is Dead: CSR as part of a transition to the Sustainable Enterprise Economy A sustainable ente...

[Short version]
Response to EABIS call for papers for annual colloquium in Barcelona September 2009 Abstract CSR is Dead: CSR as part of a transition to the Sustainable Enterprise Economy A sustainable enterprise economy (SEE) is an economy that sees no conflict between self-interest and obligation to community, where any enterprise - corporate, social, public, state-owned or individual - aims to have as little impact on the environment as possible and is mindful of its social impact. In an enterprise economy the spirit of the community is geared to risk taking, innovation, creativity, problem solving, entrepreneurialism and enthusiasm for life also recognises that mobility, exchange and trade are part of what it means to be human. A sustainable enterprise economy uses these human characteristics to create wealth and nurture wellbeing within a framework of peace and social justice which includes income distribution, the provision of fundamental public goods such as health and education, the observance of the rule of law, and the upholding of human rights. The SEE preserves natural capital and creates social and human capital. The idea of sustainable enterprise is a progression from largely voluntary corporate social responsibility and corporate citizenship ideas and practice that have developed in the loosely regulated economy over the last few decades to a more inclusive model of the economy. It is an inclusive model that recognises that the old separations of business, government and civil society should not be applied too rigidly and are not necessarily as valid or useful as they once were. It is a model that acknowledges the growth over the last few years of stakeholder engagement, new social partnerships and strategic alliances, and recognises that many of our largest economic institutions and multi-national corporations are state-owned institutions. And this model recognises that many of the gains in accountability, responsibility, transparency and sustainability (ARTS) were a precursor to a new economy which delivers private wealth and public goods. Malcolm McIntosh Professor of Sustainable Enterprise Director of the Asia-Pacific Centre for Sustainable Enterprise (APCSE) Griffith Business School Griffith University Brisbane, Queensland QLD4111 Australia malcolm.mcintosh@btinternet.com www.griffith.edu.au/business/griffith-business-school Visiting Professor: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, UK Sustainability Institute, Stellenbosch University, South Africa Applied Research Centre for Human Security, Coventry University, UK April 2009

[Abstract]
Since R. Edward Freeman introduced the stakeholder concept in strategic management literature in 1984, a great many scholars and practitioners have developed this model or apply it in managing busine...

[Short version]
Since R. Edward Freeman introduced the stakeholder concept in strategic management literature in 1984, a great many scholars and practitioners have developed this model or apply it in managing business. Thus, a Management Stakeholder Theory (MST) is now presented as a sound model for leading organizations. However, a less attention has been paid to analyzing the philosophical bases of MST and, more specifically, its assumptions regarding the identity and purpose of the firm, which are crucial from an ethical perspective. In MST the firm is seen as a system of interests which should be harmonized by management. The theory suggests applying different mechanisms and theories to manage such a system, and this requires making a choice among a variety of ethical or political theories. The purpose of the firm, although it varies according to the author, generally refers to satisfying stakeholder�s interests or to creating value for every relevant stakeholder. This purpose is also problematic in some ways, as we will discus in the paper. On its part, Catholic Social Teaching (CST) is an ethical tradition with a long history. This proposes principles for reflection, the criteria for judgment and the directives for action which are the starting point for the promotion of an integral and solidary humanism. Such integral and solidary humanism is founded on the dignity and freedom of every human person, to be brought about in peace, justice and solidarity (CDSI, 7, 19). CST includes a concept of the firm and its purpose in the society, which can be compared with MST. The aim of this paper is to compare both proposals on the nature and purpose of the business firm, seeking similarities and differences and considering the possibility of integrating CST into MST, given the flexibility of the stakeholder theory. In spite of many differences in the philosophical foundations, the comparison of these two views suggests as a future research, to go to any depth on the purpose of the firm, inspired on the CST and using some basic aspects taken from the stakeholder theory. This alternative could give a wider vision of the firm, considering it as a set of relationships which shape a community of persons and groups, which can establish collaborative and cooperative relations to build up the common good of everyone involved in the firm, and the common good of the society at large. This view would include stakeholder relationships as a key element, but it goes beyond seeing the firm in terms of interests and mechanisms to manage these interests.

[Abstract]
Montesquieu for the 21st Century: An Approach to Global Governance...

[Short version]
Montesquieu for the 21st Century: An Approach to Global Governance

[Abstract]
Corporate governance for environmental security is discussed in relation to voluntary environmental programmes (VEP) in sport, leisure and tourism, and specifically golf. The golf industry is signific...

[Short version]
Corporate governance for environmental security is discussed in relation to voluntary environmental programmes (VEP) in sport, leisure and tourism, and specifically golf. The golf industry is significant and has recently begun to adopt more environmentally responsible practices, largely through VEP. These programmes reflect elements of Zadek�s �New Economy� and potentially offer a means to restore confidence in corporate environmental governance. The overall benefits of such programmes to industry is however inconclusive, and in the case of Golf, too recent and localised to draw any firm conclusions. The research addresses environmental governance issues at global, sector specific, corporate and individual business levels. This paper offers a typology and research outline for exploring this issue, thus contributing to important and promising debate in this field.

[Abstract]
The Group of Twenty and the new world order it is meant to signify have prompted a wave of triumphalism around the world from those who, like French President Nicolas Sarkozy, bemoan the influences of...

[Short version]
The Group of Twenty and the new world order it is meant to signify have prompted a wave of triumphalism around the world from those who, like French President Nicolas Sarkozy, bemoan the influences of "Anglo-Saxon capitalism" and from neo-Marxists, who view the economic crisis as a harbinger of the resurgence of states over markets. A little over a decade ago, however, the late doyenne of international political economists, Susan Strange, wrote eloquently about the reasons why the state was in retreat, its structural power draining away in favour of markets. Have the intervening dozen years, with their recurrent crises in markets and corporate governance, demonstrated the need for a return of the state? This analysis of the G20 London communiqu�, using criteria that Strange (1996) advanced, suggests that far from asserting a return of the state, the G20 signifies its persistent weakness and concludes that the G20 leaders, at least, sense a more complex network of power relationships, and that structural power rests in the network.

[Abstract]
Using a sample of four UK banks, this study examined whether improved levels of corporate governance lead to higher levels of firm performance within the UK banking industry over the time period 1999-...

[Short version]
Using a sample of four UK banks, this study examined whether improved levels of corporate governance lead to higher levels of firm performance within the UK banking industry over the time period 1999-2006. A corporate governance scorecard (Corp-Gov Score) is constructed measuring twenty-six areas of corporate governance best practice. The twenty-six measures are split into four sub-sector areas of Corp-Gov Score comprising Board of Directors, Remuneration Policies, Auditing Policies, and Transparency/Disclosure Policies. Using information extracted from the Annual Reports, compliance with each area of Corp-Gov Score is measured. The study provides evidence about the extent to which UK banks have complied with recent corporate governance reforms post Enron. The study uses both correlation and regression analysis to ascertain relationships between tested variables with mixed results. The results indicate that improvements in corporate governance can enhance the firm performance of UK banks when measuring using Return on Equity. The biggest sub-sector driver of this improvement is in the area of the Board of Directors. Our results further indicate that large boards within UK banks can have a negative impact upon firm performance. Additionally, data is presented illustrating that increased directors� remuneration does not lead to increased levels of firm performance. Evidence is given that corporate governance within UK banks plays an important role, but how it affects firm performance is open to debate. Key Words: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, Corp-Gov Score, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Board Size, Directors� Remuneration.

[Abstract]
Although the mobilization of business around the �sustainability issue� is clear, how far does the speech reflects in the permeation of sustainability in the strategy and management of businesses? ...

[Short version]
Although the mobilization of business around the �sustainability issue� is clear, how far does the speech reflects in the permeation of sustainability in the strategy and management of businesses? This article will look at the level of incorporation of sustainability challenges in the strategic planning of Brazilian companies, and at the discrepancies found in terms of the impacts of the business on those issues, and the importance of those issues to the business. For that, a diversity of challenges in the governance, society, economic and environmental spheres will be mapped. The data analysed is based on a closed questionnaire sent to companies. The results point that the social issues related to income inequalities are in the bottom of list when comes to incorporation in the strategic planning of the companies studied. Basically the same issues are also in the bottom of the list when comes to the importance to the business, and the perceived impact of the business on the issue. The companies studied perceive their impacts on the whole group of 47 sustainability issues as ranging between nule and positive. These results emphasise the importance of the debate on the roles of the State and the private sector in (sustainable) development.

[Abstract]
In contrast to the recent rise to economic importance of offshore finance centres (OFCs), the topic of taxation has so far created little interest among scholars of corporate social responsibility (CS...

[Short version]
In contrast to the recent rise to economic importance of offshore finance centres (OFCs), the topic of taxation has so far created little interest among scholars of corporate social responsibility (CSR). As a contribution to addressing this lacuna, this paper examines what use large firms that are headquartered in two OFCs – Bermuda and the Cayman Islands – make of formal CSR tools. A high adoption rate of codes of conduct among the sample firms indicates that companies located in tax havens cannot completely insulate themselves from the global pressures that surround CSR. At the same time, the sample firms display selectivity in the adoption of CSR tools, as they place far greater emphasis on regulating employee conduct than on discharging accountability to external stakeholders.

[Abstract]
Widespread interest in geoengineering, or the deliberate manipulation of the Earth�s climate to forestall or reverse the effects of global warming, has recently given way to speculation about whether ...

[Short version]
Widespread interest in geoengineering, or the deliberate manipulation of the Earth�s climate to forestall or reverse the effects of global warming, has recently given way to speculation about whether single countries or even corporations could unilaterally undertake such projects as solar radiation management, greenhouse gas remediation and arctic geoengineering. The obvious objection to these speculations is that they should be prohibited because they could have devastating environmental consequences. This paper explores this speculative turn in the geoengineering debate by way of the literature on global citizenship. I assess the ethical viability of competitive corporate experimentation with geoengineering solutions to the global warming problem as well as corporate involvement in collaborate bioengineering projects with other corporations and government. One possibility is that a firm�s large investment in such projects combined with the motive of profiting from them could magnify the moral hazard of such projects: that is, geoengineering could become a substitute for mitigation schemes (e.g. cap-and-trade systems as well as treaties that mandate lowered emission standards/goals). This investigation will examine a recent initiative spearheaded by the United States Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), a partnership involving large corporations and environmental organizations committed to mitigating or reversing the effects of global climate change. In examining whether competition or collaboration is a better route for corporations to contribute to a bioengineered solution, I provide an ethical analysis of the issue and demonstrate that, besides rationales appealing to administrative efficiency and business-related efficacy, there are also ethical reasons for supporting corporate bioengineering projects. These ethical reasons can then provide a basis upon which to evaluate the legitimacy of corporate involvement in public debates over solving global problems that are social and environmental, not solely economic, in nature. I provide one such evaluation and address its implications for recent debates on the appropriate roles corporations can assume in developing complex institutional structures that not only aim to maximize profits, but also to address problems of global concern.

[Abstract]
This paper discusses the loosely coupled nature of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs). Applying a concept from organization theory (i.e. loosely coupled systems logic) to research on collaborative g...

[Short version]
This paper discusses the loosely coupled nature of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs). Applying a concept from organization theory (i.e. loosely coupled systems logic) to research on collaborative governance in the context of corporate responsibility, we discuss why MSIs reflect loosely coupled systems and what we can learn from this. Our analysis consists of three main steps: (1) We characterize MSIs as two-tiered initiatives consisting of a macro-level (rule setting) and a micro-level (rule implementation). We show that participants on both levels are loosely coupled by discussing the UN Global Compact and the Ethical Trading Initiative as exemplary cases. (2) We present the positive and negative effects that loose coupling creates for these two initiatives, particularly when considering their goal to be recognized as a multi-level/multi-actor mode of governance. (3) We outline implications of our analysis to further develop the UN Global Compact and the Ethical Trading Initiative based on an explicit acknowledgement of their loosely coupled nature.

[Abstract]
Fostering entrepreneurship has the potential to create substantial impact on the poor in developing countries. Private sector logic and dynamics may be able to become the single largest contribution t...

[Short version]
Fostering entrepreneurship has the potential to create substantial impact on the poor in developing countries. Private sector logic and dynamics may be able to become the single largest contribution to the delivery of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. In this paper, we analyze the potential and impact of triggering entrepreneurial activity as well as financial, operational, and management constraints on entrepreneurship in Cote d�Ivoire. Today, Cote d�Ivoire is a post-conflict environment (while officially still in war) with substantial unemployment (often reaching 40-50%), widespread poverty, a large informal sector, an alarming HIV/AIDS rate and high Malaria risk, substantial pollution, high corruption, low trust in governmental institutions, large immigration and strong social tensions. We identify common impediments to establishing business in the Ivorian environment, integrating insights from our action research on ICT dissemination for creating economic opportunities at the International University of Grand Bassam. Our analysis demonstrates that the greatest hurdles faced in Cote d�Ivoire are political instability, ubiquitous corruption, lack of capacity and access to capital. Private sector development strategies, focusing on triggering entrepreneurial activities, thus first have to concentrate on capacity building and access to capital, taking into consideration low literacy and the current lack of entrepreneurial endeavor. We conclude that if these challenges to entrepreneurial activity in Cote d�Ivoire can be overcome, the potential for the successful creation of new businesses that serve the poor might be tremendous as shown by the success of the telecommunication sector in the whole of Africa. We finally offer potential sustainability strategies that might help alleviate existing constraints.

[Abstract]
Paralleling the globalization of production activities, new supply chain management models are emerging, differing on the extent to which social and environmental issues and concerns are integrated in...

[Short version]
Paralleling the globalization of production activities, new supply chain management models are emerging, differing on the extent to which social and environmental issues and concerns are integrated into processes and relationships. Despite a growing interest in investigating relational approaches to supply chain management based on collaboration, long-term partnerships and transparency among partners their performance consequences are still open to debate. Relying on a mixed method approach, our study both investigates qualitatively the changes occurring in the shift from cost-reduction strategies to value-driven approaches and test their impact on firm performance. Results show the specificities of alternative supply-chain management models, the drivers of CSR integration and the critical dimensions hindering the ability of firms to manage differently stakeholder relations along the chain.

[Abstract]
This paper aims to examine whether a partnership approach can enhance human security by looking at the case of the mining sector in the DRC. The case highlights two key challenges in achieving human ...

[Short version]
This paper aims to examine whether a partnership approach can enhance human security by looking at the case of the mining sector in the DRC. The case highlights two key challenges in achieving human security that is, the damage caused by mining activities on the environment and society, and the link between the conflict and the abundant mineral resources in the eastern DRC, minerals that are used to manufacture various electronics we use. By examining the role of two existing partnership models, namely the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, in reducing mining sector involvement in the ongoing violence in the DRC, this paper offers an empirical methodology to the limited evidence base on partnership approaches in conflict prone countries. The result suggests that partnership approaches do not significantly address challenges to improve human security in the DRC, although the two partnership models have produced some tangible results through their accountability and monitoring mechanisms. This is owing to the degree of insecurity, corruption, informal economy, and weak governance within the DRC, on contrary to the claim that partnerships are effective in places with limited governance.

[Abstract]
Because of the recent financial crisis, business has to deal with a more assertive government. This assertiveness is a direct result of the role governments play nationally as well as internationally ...

[Short version]
Because of the recent financial crisis, business has to deal with a more assertive government. This assertiveness is a direct result of the role governments play nationally as well as internationally as a countervailing power to the implosion of stock markets.

At the same time, businesses are being asked to take responsibility for their role in society, with a strong focus on its responsibility to preserve the environment and contribute to mitigating climate change.

Today, businesses are stuck between a rock and a hard place… it means they have to make a quantum leap in externally addressing governments AND at the same internally addressing climate change in its daily operations.

Our contribution provides insight into companies’ practices to shift from passive to active corporate responsibility as the best way to mitigate risk to shareholder value from society’s increasing expectations of responsibility in addressing climate change.

Our call is based on corporate case studies and research of the 2008 filings of companies in the Carbon Disclosure Project. Because of our partnership with the University of Amsterdam Business School we have insight in these data. The aim is to strengthen corporate governance through developing a sense of urgency and an approach to integrate climate change considerations in the core functions of the organization.

[Abstract]
As a new era in global governance unfolds, the paper explores how Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can engage with business and other actors to meet two related ends: Firstly, to generate altern...

[Short version]
As a new era in global governance unfolds, the paper explores how Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can engage with business and other actors to meet two related ends: Firstly, to generate alternative approaches to business and development; and secondly, to develop a greater mutual understanding of the underlying assumptions on which those approaches are based. Through a case study of Concern Universal, and its engagement with the Business Advisory Group of the Africa Progress Panel (APP), the paper uses Habermas’ notion of deliberative democracy to explore how business might effectively become a legitimate actor within dialogic processes of defining rules and tackling challenges. The paper draws two main conclusions. Firstly, the collaboration has enabled corporate leaders to articulate concrete actionable ways in which business can contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Secondly – and more significantly in the context of global social and environmental challenges – it has opened up a discursive space in which business and non-governmental actors attempt to reconcile apparently competing views of the world in order to develop alternative ways forward.

[Abstract]
Voluntary corporate reporting has become a mechanism by which to gauge a firm�s level of governance responsiveness and efficacy. While environmental and social reporting of corporate information has ...

[Short version]
Voluntary corporate reporting has become a mechanism by which to gauge a firm�s level of governance responsiveness and efficacy. While environmental and social reporting of corporate information has largely been voluntary, there are signs of increased sector and country specific mandatory requirements. In this paper, we analyze three countries, France, the US and the UK and three sectors � financial services, chemical and insurance - in terms of the propensity to engage in voluntary disclosures. In comparing reporting in these countries and sectors, we will use a theoretical lens based on the three pillars of institutions: regulative, normative and cultural (Scott, 2003), and focus on how these different institutional pressures influence voluntary reporting of social and environmental issues in these different countries and sectors.

[Abstract]
During the last decade, the development of SRI among institutional investors has converged with the development of new codes of corporate governance and the development of new shareholder activism str...

[Short version]
During the last decade, the development of SRI among institutional investors has converged with the development of new codes of corporate governance and the development of new shareholder activism strategies. Among institutional investors enhancing social, environmental, ethical and governance criteria into portfolio asset management, pension funds have played a major role. The objective of this paper is to make a wide-ranging analysis of the phenomenon of shareholder activism from a European perspective. In particular, we focus on an in-depth exploration of three SRI strategies adopted by private occupational pension funds in Spain. We conduct an analysis of two case studies: Telefonica and BBVA. Our findings indicate the following: (i) that for the development of SRI private occupational pension plans it seems there should be a confluence of wills, interests and competencies among the three main actors of the pension fund: governing body or steering committee, fund manager and fund sponsor; (ii) that the influence of the governing body or steering committee is the most important element for the development of SRI and shareholder activism; as are (iii) fund managers who take the initiative as agents offering strategies and options for SRI investment, linked to corporate governance.

[Abstract]
Johnson, Daily and Ellstrand (1996) had proposed that directors� most significant duties consists of three overlapping roles of control, resource dependence and service, and that the board composition...

[Short version]
Johnson, Daily and Ellstrand (1996) had proposed that directors� most significant duties consists of three overlapping roles of control, resource dependence and service, and that the board composition influences the effectiveness with which directors perform these roles. Results derived from face-to-face interviews with 27 Malaysian company directors reaffirm these propositions and provide evidence from the perspective of a developing nation of the expanding responsibilities of INEDs. It goes to show that as a response to failures in corporate governance, businesses in Malaysia look to their INEDs to perform additional role besides monitoring and control advocated by the Malaysian code of corporate governance (MCCG). The findings also provide further evidence of the lack of credibility of agency theory to fully explain the role of INEDs.

[Abstract]
ABSTRACT Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to understand what impact the current economic and financial crisis has had on the business sector’s corporate responsibility (CSR) efforts an...

[Short version]
ABSTRACT Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to understand what impact the current economic and financial crisis has had on the business sector’s corporate responsibility (CSR) efforts and to shed light on the critical obstacles to corporate CSR efforts. We do this by examining one key CSR initiative, namely, the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). Design/methodology/approach: After laying the conceptual framework on CSR initiatives, the UNGC, and briefly discussing the impacts of the economic and financial crisis on business, the paper provides an empirical investigation of a sample of UNGC participants (334 US signatories). First, content analysis of random CEO statements taken from annual CSR and financial reports is provided. Second, we will survey our sample of US business participants to understand the impact of the economic crisis on their CSR strategies. Finally, the third method describes CEO and CSR director perceptions from the ten propositions found within the thematic context of the EABIS 2009 Colloquium. Preliminary Findings: Participation of US companies in the GC initiative is gradually increasing. However, only 17% have provided a Communication on Progress (CoP) describing their efforts in UN Principles implementation, and still very few within these reports, have addressed the impacts of the economic crisis on their CSR strategies. We expect to uncover more details in these areas as the research progresses into the second stage of inquiry. Research limitations/implications: The study focuses on the activities of US business participants of the UNGC thereby limiting our examination on a relatively smaller sample. Future research should expand on this effort to include participants from other countries. Originality and value: To our knowledge, this research is the first effort to understand the implications of the current economic and financial crisis on the CSR initiatives of US companies. We expect to enrich the CSR literature by investigating this issue. The research will also have practical implications by contributing to an understanding of the key obstacles to corporate CSR efforts. Key words: Corporate Citizenship Initiatives, United Nations Global Compact, Economic Crisis, Corporate Governance

[Abstract]
Because they provide the tools that permit to choose, organize, deploy and monitor the strategy, management systems are said to be one of the necessary media for implementing and changing the corporat...

[Short version]
Because they provide the tools that permit to choose, organize, deploy and monitor the strategy, management systems are said to be one of the necessary media for implementing and changing the corporate strategies. Based on this assumption, the introduction of CSR into the companies� management systems should: 1) give evidence of the real will of companies to integrate CSR into their strategy; and 2) provide the means for effectively changing the operational practices. With this in mind, this paper aims at exploring to what extent CSR changes the business model of multinational companies by studying whether and how they integrate CSR into their management systems. The distinction between the diagnostic and interactive control systems introduced by Simons (1995) provides the conceptual framework of the paper. According to this typology, two types of management systems are necessary for a strategy to be implemented (diagnostic systems) and changed (interactive systems). Empirical data are drawn from a comparative study of the CAC 40 companies � the 40 biggest French listed companies � based on a survey by questionnaire conducted between September and December 2008 (response rate: 87.8%) and documentary evidence. Based on the study, the paper argues that the gap which exists between the management systems used to integrate CSR into the companies� operational practices and the targeted strategies could explain why CSR has not led yet to the emergence of a new business model for these multinational companies. Key Words: Business Model - CAC 40 - Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) � Management Systems � Strategy

[Abstract]
The aim of the study is to analyze CSR practices in globally operating companies that participate in the UN Global Compact initiative, in order to gain a deeper understanding of how these firms ensure...

[Short version]
The aim of the study is to analyze CSR practices in globally operating companies that participate in the UN Global Compact initiative, in order to gain a deeper understanding of how these firms ensure a responsible behaviour towards their workforce, local communities and the environment. In particular, this paper examines the reported practices of Spanish companies that are members of the GC and have operations and/or suppliers in developing countries. By examining current practices of international companies, the study will contribute to the understanding of the role of business in a global context.

[Abstract]
In both academic journals and the media, a lot of attention is being paid to executive remuneration. Recently, this is further reinforced by the financial and economic downturn. Executive remuneration...

[Short version]
In both academic journals and the media, a lot of attention is being paid to executive remuneration. Recently, this is further reinforced by the financial and economic downturn. Executive remuneration is sometimes considered to be one of the underlying reasons for the economic meltdown. In academic studies, a main research focus has been the pay-performance sensitivity. However, research results are mixed and corporate governance characteristics are considered to be an important moderator variable. This paper will report an in-depth literature study on the impact of ownership structure, board composition, and remuneration committee composition on CEO remuneration. This will result in an overview on how corporate governance characteristics at the firm level have an impact on CEO remuneration levels and structure. It will conclude by highlighting research gaps and come to an agenda for future research.

[Abstract]
Instrumental stakeholder theory contends that by properly aiming at stakeholders through stakeholder management strategies (SM) a firm can accumulate valuable resources and capabilities, and gain sust...

[Short version]
Instrumental stakeholder theory contends that by properly aiming at stakeholders through stakeholder management strategies (SM) a firm can accumulate valuable resources and capabilities, and gain sustainable competitive advantage. However, results of empirical work indicate an ambiguous relationship between SM and the firm competitive advantage. This has posed a puzzle which is the subject of an open debate in the field. Yet, parallel literatures on managerial discretion and hyper-competition may help to unravel this puzzle by informing on the industry conditions further affecting a firm�s ability to build and sustain a competitive advantage. In this paper, by drawing on and integrating the insights of these views with stakeholder management theory, we offer a model and advance propositions in an attempt to address the question of �when� rather than �if� SM fosters a sustainable competitive advantage.

[Abstract]
Many companies continue to believe and operate under the premise that doing good comes at the expense of doing well. In other words, financial performance has a �trade-off� relationship with social an...

[Short version]
Many companies continue to believe and operate under the premise that doing good comes at the expense of doing well. In other words, financial performance has a �trade-off� relationship with social and environmental performance. But for the corporate responsibility movement to play a lasting, transformational role in society we need to establish that there is a symbiotic, �win-win� relationship between business and society. Using empirical evidence from a number of recent research studies conducted with a variety of companies, this talk will highlight the conditions under which there is a positive business payoff to socio-environmental performance.

[Abstract]
This paper aims to foster a dialogue between Finance and Strategic Management in order to start rethinking instruments of financial analysis, control and valuation in a comprehensive framework concern...

[Short version]
This paper aims to foster a dialogue between Finance and Strategic Management in order to start rethinking instruments of financial analysis, control and valuation in a comprehensive framework concerned with social responsibility and sustainability of the firm. Recent advances in theory and practice claim for developing this encompassing framework. The notion of “responsible governance” is then suggested to reconcile the two opposing perspectives. This notion applies to the firm as an enterprise entity having to generate a reasonably enduring and sustainable process through time, space and interaction. Looking behind disparate stakeholders’ interests, this entity is understood as a complex and dynamic system. Such development implies a Copernican reconfiguration of the mutual relationship between the business firm and its stakeholders, especially shareholders, by placing the enterprise entity at the center of the whole system of responsible governance and accountability. The suitable role and changes of the financial and the extra-financial accounting system are briefly discussed on this basis.

[Abstract]
The perceived success of alternative supply chains such as Fairtrade, Forest Stewardship Council, and organic agriculture in delivering better social and environmental outcomes than conventional ones ...

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The perceived success of alternative supply chains such as Fairtrade, Forest Stewardship Council, and organic agriculture in delivering better social and environmental outcomes than conventional ones has led a growing number of mainstream companies to incorporate brands associated with such movements into their procurement and marketing strategies. By buying from ethically certified producers and selling ethically labelled products, retailers and manufacturers are effectively outsourcing a significant part of their supply chain governance to third parties considered to have greater moral credibility than the companies themselves. This paper explores the implications of such outsourcing for the companies concerned, and in particular the dangers to both corporate reputation, and to the wider credibility of alternative governance models. Drawing on empirical data from a longitudinal study of Kenyan communities producing for Fairtrade, and situating this within debates about voluntary self-regulation, value chain governance, and international development, the paper details how Fairtrade initiatives have been adopted as part of a governance outsourcing strategy, and the extent to which they are able to helps companies meet their societal responsibilities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons for corporate strategy and the management of governance issues.

[Abstract]
There has been a growing trend in corporate accountability models towards corporate citizenship as a defining feature. This trend has been documented in the United States, Canada, European Union and o...

[Short version]
There has been a growing trend in corporate accountability models towards corporate citizenship as a defining feature. This trend has been documented in the United States, Canada, European Union and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. The conceptual framework of corporate citizenship is closely related to corporate social responsibility, and is an important development in corporate accountability theory. A corporate citizenship company understands that its own success is connected with societal health and well being. Therefore, it takes into account its impact on all stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, suppliers, and the natural environment. The �good corporate citizen� standard is a clear step away from the shareholder primacy model that has been the hallmark of corporate accountability, and this theory may represent a paradigm shift in the way society generally thinks about the modern business corporation.

[Abstract]
The reality of the European Business (92% of which is made up by Small and Medium Enterprises) has brought about a broad debate in recent years about the implementation of Business Ethics and Social C...

[Short version]
The reality of the European Business (92% of which is made up by Small and Medium Enterprises) has brought about a broad debate in recent years about the implementation of Business Ethics and Social Corporate Responsibility (CSR) of SMEs. The difficulties and challenges for these types of companies in implementing CSR are, occasionally, substantially different from those of large corporations. However, the opportunities and benefits that they can obtain from their efficient implementation are equally positive. For this to be possible, specific treatment of the management of CSR is necessary and it is not always enough to just adapt the tools that have been designed for large companies. In order to offer useful tools to SMEs, one must first understand the specifics and needs of this type of company. This study presents the results of an analysis and diagnosis of the situation with a specific type of, the SMEs commercial SMEs, faced with the challenges of CSR in Valencia, Spain. The conclusion of this work is, specifically, that CSR can become one of the distinctive features of a small retailer, in its main value of differentiation and common identity as compared to its main competitor, the large retail outlets. The methodological approach used was Field Work developed in three phases: PHASE 1. Analysis of the Office: Analysis of the environment and documentation of specifics of the small Valencian retailer; PHASE 2. Qualitative Study: 6 group dynamics sessions with retailers, consumer associations, representatives of federations of retailers and experts in public administration; PHASE 3. Quantitative Study: 400 surveys to retailers and 400 surveys to society through the CATI System of Telephone Surveys. The results obtained show the basic values of the Valencian retailer: quality, proximity, professionalism and commitment, while confronting the main challenges to be overcome: the lack of a shared identity, insufficient business vision and problems of competitiveness. The conclusions derived from the analysis are: a significant lack of knowledge about the concept of Social Responsibility and what it implies, scarce implementation, and a discrepancy between the image that small retailers have of themselves and what society perceives of them. Nevertheless, the study shows the potential of correct management of CSR in this type of business. Because of its specificity, small size, values such as proximity and neighborhood knowledge, and the common practices of closeness with customers, workers, etc., CSR can become one of the distinctive features of the small retailer and the distinguishing feature of a common identity as Retailer, something they currently lack. The Retailer provides security, cleanliness, employment, social opportunities, and "life" to the neighborhood. These characteristics appear well valued as much by retailers as by society, and CSR can help manage these assets and put them to use in the business of retailing. Finally, the study provides four concrete proposals for implementation of CSR for a Citizen Retailer: 1. Develop an CSR training plan for SMEs retailers, 2. Create a Socially Responsible Retailer Certificate, 3. Create a Citizen Retailer Report, 4. and a proposal for an Alliance by a Citizen Retailer. Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, Ethics, Citizen Retail, Diagnosis, SMEs, Cases Study. SHORT BIO OF THE AUTHORS Domingo García-Marza. ETNOR Foundation, Valencia, Spain. He is Projects Director of ETNOR Foundation (Foundation for the Ethics in Business and Organizations) in Valencia, Spain. He is Bachelor of Ethics in the University of Jaume I of Castellón. He works in the application of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility to the organizations sphere. He has worked to BBVA Foundation, Argentaria Foundation, Mercadona, BANCAJA, and different business organizations. He collaborated as an expert in different European research projects. Roberto Ballester Fuillerat. ETNOR Foundation, Valencia, Spain. He is the Manager of ETNOR Foundation, (Foundation for the Ethics in Business and Organizations) Valencia, Spain. He's Graduate in Philosophy by the University of Valencia. He is University Expert of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), for the UNED (National University of Education from distance) and he obtained a Master in non Profit Organizations Direction from ESADE, Barcelona. Inside the area of the business ethics, he has worked in ethics auditing for different companies and organizations and he has teaching classes of economic and managerial ethics in different Business Schools. Carmen Martí� Marco. ETNOR Foundation, Valencia, Spain. She is the Communication and Documentation Centre Manager of ETNOR Fundation (Foundation for the Ethics in Business and Organizations) in Valencia, Spain. She's Graduate in Philosophy by the University of Valencia. She studied the Interuniversity Program of Doctorate "Ethics and Democracy", directed by Adela Cortina, Professor of Ethics and Political Philosophy of the University of Valencia and Director of the ETNOR Foundation. She obtained the DEA (Advanced Studies Diploma) from this Doctorate Program in 2006 with a research about Economic Ethics in Adam Smith and Amartya Sen.

[Abstract]
The recent economic crisis has drawn considerable media attention on the behaviours of large corporations and an evaluation of those behaviours as "responsible" or not. In this paper we con...

[Short version]
The recent economic crisis has drawn considerable media attention on the behaviours of large corporations and an evaluation of those behaviours as "responsible" or not. In this paper we consider whether a company which has acted to build positive stakeholder relations receives favourable treatment when crises occur. Specifically, we ask if Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can act as a form of reputational insurance, which offers protection under otherwise reputation-damaging circumstances. In this empirical analysis we consider the media coverage of major oil industry incidents associated with two companies with very different CSR reputations (BP and Exxon). The study analyses the nature of media reporting of incidents affecting the companies over a five year period and compares levels of negativity in the relevant texts. Our results suggest that the insurance metaphor holds to the extent that reputable firms do inherit some protective advantage. However, there is an asymmetric failure in this protection when companies positioned as reputable are perceived to be acting contrarily to stakeholder expectations or "not learning from mistakes".

[Abstract]
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is being often presented as the solution to �create a better world� and solve social and environmental problems. The question is: does CSR lead to positive develo...

[Short version]
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is being often presented as the solution to �create a better world� and solve social and environmental problems. The question is: does CSR lead to positive developmental outcomes that contribute to a �better world�? In this paper we argue that CSR looks increasingly out of date. There is a need to re-frame CSR if we want �CSR� to deliver on its potential. The economic and financial crisis and the growing acceptance of the seriousness of social and environmental tensions are making this call even more pressing. CSR as �do no harm� is no longer sufficient. CSR needs to be understood as a continuation or rethinking of traditional business purpose and practices so that we can become critical about what we are doing. CSR is not a mean in itself but a mean to an end, which end is and will remain uncertain, vague and evolving. The purpose of this paper is not to comprehensively and empirically assess the contribution of CSR to sustainable development but to engage in a reflection process to critically and constructively review the concept of CSR. Hopefully the paper will generate discussion and debate among business, academics and policy makers that will contribute to the re-framing of CSR.

[Abstract]
This paper draws a parallel between two tensions, one in the political sphere, between economic incentives and social concern, and one in the sphere of business, between economic growth and consumeris...

[Short version]
This paper draws a parallel between two tensions, one in the political sphere, between economic incentives and social concern, and one in the sphere of business, between economic growth and consumerism and ethical values like frugality and concern for future generations. Further a parallel is drawn between quickly evolving debates which cope with both these tensions: one in political philosophy focusing on global justice and one in the business ethics literature focusing on a corporate social responsibility on a global scale. Both bodies of literature get growingly interconnected and point to new conceptions of shared responsibilities and governance in which corporations play a major role. The evolution towards global social standards for suppliers in the retail sector based on different initiatives (ICS, ETI, CIES- GSCP, BSCI) is used as an illustration of this practical and pragmatic evolution towards global governance and global justice.

[Abstract]
The current economic crisis has more than ever revealed the necessity for companies to extend their single focus on the maximization of shareholder returns to the management of their complex stakehold...

[Short version]
The current economic crisis has more than ever revealed the necessity for companies to extend their single focus on the maximization of shareholder returns to the management of their complex stakeholder relationships. Companies are thus rethinking their performance and governance systems. Although companies and scholars alike have been increasingly searching for adequate performance measurement systems that also allow them to evaluate their relations to society through CSR engagement, approaches to measure the company-specific benefits of CSR are still missing in theory and practice. This research therefore focuses on the question how to measure the impact of CSR from the perspective of a company as well as society. Using a theoretical approach a measurement model is developed that allows managers to evaluate their company-specific business case for CSR as well as the societal benefits from CSR.

[Abstract]
We address the question of how organisations can gain the involvement of their stakeholders in CSR certifications projects. Dealing with stakeholders is not always a question of responsiveness. Social...

[Short version]
We address the question of how organisations can gain the involvement of their stakeholders in CSR certifications projects. Dealing with stakeholders is not always a question of responsiveness. Social certifications put the organisation in a proactive posture. Applying the stakeholder theory and the actor network theory (ANT), we conceptualize stakeholders� involvement in the certification process of a diversity label. We also delineate the potential of our framework for future managerial applications. The main contribution of our paper is that two variables contribute to a successful stakeholder involvement. The first one is a contextualisation stage that takes into consideration stakeholders� issues and analyses their positioning. The second one is a problematisation phase that builds arguments on economic or social logics

[Abstract]
Compensation at the chief executive officer (CEO), and other high executive levels in an organization, is driven by agency theory with all its underlying assumptions. We assert that transformational ...

[Short version]
Compensation at the chief executive officer (CEO), and other high executive levels in an organization, is driven by agency theory with all its underlying assumptions. We assert that transformational leadership theory offers an opportunity to instigate much needed change in how compensation contracts are conceptualized and negotiated.

[Abstract]
Social and environmental aspects of supply chain management have attracted considerable attention in light of numerous scandals involving global brand owners. In light of these, in this paper we exami...

[Short version]
Social and environmental aspects of supply chain management have attracted considerable attention in light of numerous scandals involving global brand owners. In light of these, in this paper we examine how companies in Italy and the United Kingdom are including of social and environmental oncerns into the management of their procurement activities. The globalization of production processes and the intensification of global competition have enlarged the sphere of influence of companies, thus extending their responsibility towards stakeholders. In the light of these considerations, a particular role has been assumed by suppliers, especially in global supply chains in developing and emerging economies. The particular focus of this paper is the exploration of the factors that drive the adoption of a responsible approach to procurement management within a comparative sample of over 300 British and Italian companies.

[Abstract]
La actual situaci�n de crisis ha abierto de nuevo el debate sobre las relaciones entre el sector p�blico (gobierno) y el sector privado (empresas). Si bien es cierto que en la presente crisis la falt...

[Short version]
La actual situaci�n de crisis ha abierto de nuevo el debate sobre las relaciones entre el sector p�blico (gobierno) y el sector privado (empresas). Si bien es cierto que en la presente crisis la falta de regulaci�n financiera, o en muchos casos la adecuada supervisi�n de su cumplimiento, puede explicar los hechos actuales, se podr�a pensar que bastar�a balancear el peso de lo privado hacia lo p�blico para que no volvi�ramos a cometer los mismos errores. Es aqu� donde el debate P�blico-Privado, por s� solo, se convierte en est�ril para acometer la soluci�n de este tema u otros tan claves como, por ejemplo, la Educaci�n, las Relaciones Laborales, la financiaci�n de los Partidos Pol�ticos y de los Organismos de la Administraci�n o la financiaci�n de las pensiones, por citar algunos. La interacci�n y el leg�timo juego de intereses entre lo p�blico-privado, no es capaz de acometer por s� solo las reformas y los cambios necesarios de tanta trascendencia social. Si bien es cierto que en la adecuada relaci�n del binomio p�blico � privado podemos encontrar sociedades mejor gobernadas falta, para un correcto equilibrio entre estos dos poderes, incluir a las personas en el modelo de relaci�n. La crisis actual ha puesto de manifiesto que la regulaci�n y el control de las empresas, por parte de las administraciones p�blicas, no ha sido suficiente para evitar la crisis. Es, por tanto, necesario incluir a las personas en el modelo de relaci�n p�blico � privado para un mejor gobierno global. En este sentido, presentamos el Nuevo paradigma de las 3P�s de la relaci�n, en qu� para asegurar el correcto gobierno de lo p�blico o de lo privado debemos incluir a las personas.

[Abstract]
The current economic crisis does emphasize the importance of trust in financial and business sectors. Formalized Stakeholder dialogues may appear as an instrument to generate and nurture trust relatio...

[Short version]
The current economic crisis does emphasize the importance of trust in financial and business sectors. Formalized Stakeholder dialogues may appear as an instrument to generate and nurture trust relationships. However, empirical data on the quantity and quality of International Corporate dialogue practice is scarce. An comparative study was conducted in Germany, Italy and the USA. Information was gathered in publicly accessible Social Reports of the respective 50 biggest stock-listed companies. About 300 Stakeholder Dialogue have been identified and evaluated. No clear association was found between either diversity or form of Stakeholder Dialogue initiatives and firm performance. Results indicate that companies benefit by focussing on homogenous measures aimed at certain stakeholder groups. The data of one of the first empirical studies with a comparative international perspective indicate the relevance of Stakeholder Dialogue for business management.

[Abstract]
CR-DRIVEN INNOVATION: A STUDY OF MOTIVATION AND RESOURCES IN NORDIC SMEs Minna Halme, Helsinki School of Economics (HSE), Kai Hockerts, Copenhagen Business School (CBS) Mette Morsing, CBS Arno...

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CR-DRIVEN INNOVATION: A STUDY OF MOTIVATION AND RESOURCES IN NORDIC SMEs Minna Halme, Helsinki School of Economics (HSE), Kai Hockerts, Copenhagen Business School (CBS) Mette Morsing, CBS Arno Kourula, HSE Galina Kosonen, HSE With the help of Susanne Sweet, Atle Midttun and Pall Davidsson. Introduction In recent years we have witnessed a shift of understanding corporate responsibility (CR) as primarily philanthropy or as a tool to reduce risks and operational cost (i.e. Hockerts, 2008) to seeing it as a strategic level activity in which firms seek to integrate responsibility aspects with their core business operations (Porter and Kramer 2006). These are actions like ensuring high product quality and investments in R&D, paying just wages and avoiding overcompensation to top managers at the cost of other employees, supporting responsibility measures in the supply chain, and applying environmentally benign practices and policies. In this paper we will focus on a more recent CR approach, namely responsibility as a source of innovation. While the innovation aspect of CR is recognized, it has not been systematically addressed in previous literature. Most importantly, here a business enterprise takes an environmental or a social problem as a source of business innovation and seeks to develop new products or services that provide a solution to the problem. Contrary to philanthropy, however, this kind of CR should fulfill the win-win condition. While the company tries to develop new business that would alleviate an environmental problem or a social problem such as poverty, it also aims to create revenue for the enterprise. Inherent in CR as Innovation approach is a win-win idea: corporations are not expected to provide products or services to low-income markets or to protect the environment out of mere willingness to do good or to help (Halme and Laurila 2008). Based on a study of corporate responsibility driven innovation in 15 small and medium-sized enter¬prises (SMEs), we analyse the motivations of SMEs to engage in CR-driven innovation as the core element of their business model. In addition, we analyse different resource-bases that SMEs have and how they mobilize these varied resources. While there exists some literature on CR-driven innovation in MNCs (Fussler and James 1996; Prahalad 2005; Hart 2005) there is to date very little understanding of how SMEs and start-ups ventures can deal with it. Most CR literature on CR in SMEs studies stresses the difficulties SMEs have in implementing CR: lack of funds, time, and institutional networks. However, there is a small number of firms that have been successful in building their business model on CR innovation. As this paper illustrates, these differ widely in terms of their purpose. The paper differentiates three types of businesses: the missionary, the profit-from-principles, and the social purpose business. These will be described in the section “Findings” in the end of this abstract. Data and research methodology The research design is multiple-case study allowing theorizing based on “replication logic” (Eisenhardt, 1989; Yin, 1989). In this approach cases are treated as a series of independent experiments that confirm or disconfirm emerging conceptual insights. In total we have studied 15 firms (Table 1). To provide a balanced perspective we considered seven business-to-business (B2B) firms and seven business-to-consumer (B2C) firms plus one firm that is explicitly engaging in both areas. As the regional setting of the study we have chosen firms from five Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland with three cases per each country. This focus allows for a certain amount of homogeneity concerning the cultural environments in which the firms act. Eligible candidates had to be SMEs or recent start-ups for whom social impact was an integral part of the value proposition. Our primary focus was on cases that explicitly made social innovation the key element of their business model. The fifteen cases were also selected to provide a broad spectrum of organizational forms ranging from non-profit associations via family-held SME to venture capital backed start-ups. Data was collected through document analysis (websites, product specifications, and news media coverage) as well as 2-3 interviews, from 60 to 90 minutes each, with decision makers in each firm. In a first analysis step, within-case analyses were carried out for each company, which resul¬ted in detailed firm descrip¬tions of 15-25 pages. Each case covered ten chapters ranging from the firms’ social contribution, via its history, to an analysis of the competitive potential. Both during data collection and data analysis regular conference calls were scheduled with all team members at which each case was presented and preliminary insights emerged for the cross-case analysis. In order to insure that all cases followed the same structure and that the level of data collection and analysis was similar, each case was reviewed by two senior faculty members. Following the review, cases were revised and the original case authors conducted necessary follow-up data collection. For the cross-case analysis the team of senior faculty members met for an in-depth two day workshop. In preparation of this meeting, each member had read all within-the-case analyses and begun to identify emerging themes. At the meeting, initial insights were discussed and a broad analysis scheme agreed. Analysis was continued over the next two months with each senior researcher taking a different angle. During this time the analysis scheme was extended and filled through an iterative process in which the research team regularly switched between data analysis and theorizing. The final insights were again shared among the team of senior faculty members for a last review. Findings The examined organisations apply different approaches to their CSR-driven innovation ventures, which indicate the aim they intend to reach with the venture. The objective of the CSR-driven venture is here specifically focused on either profit or social impact and the various relative combinations that arise from using one or both of these focuses as either a means or a goal in itself. Three general classifications have been discerned on basis of the 15 analyzed CSR-driven innovation businesses, and will in this chapter provide a framework for differentiating the 15 cases into separate groups of strategic intention. The types of businesses identified are the missionary, the profit-from-principles, and the social purpose business. ‘Missionary’ businesses pursue social impact as their main goal. For them, financial profit is primarily a means to achieve the ultimate objective. These businesses may be spin-offs from charitable or public organisations, or they may be founded by committed idealist. Businesses of the ‘missionary’ variety have opted for CSR-driven innovation first and foremost to achieve social change. Their founders believe that a business vehicle can best achieve this goal. However, the profit is mainly a means for an end. At the heart lies the desire to effect social transformation. Only after having identified the social need they want to satisfy, will they start to think about the business model and the need to generate profit to sustain it. The opposite example is the ‘profit-from-principle’ business. These organisations are traditional SMEs, which exploit CSR as a market opportunity. For them CSR is a means to generate shareholder value. This type of company has an inverse goal function to the missionary business. For them social performance is the means to creating private profits. Such firms are launched by business savvies that have identified a market demand and see a profitable niche for themselves. They understand that the social impact they create attracts the paying customers, but they would not hesitate to start a traditional type of business in which social performance is not part of the value proposition, if that turned out to be more profitable. An interesting hybrid is the third type identified: ‘Social Purpose Businesses’ (SPB) pursue both social impact and financial return as their main outcome. This ambidextrous type of social purpose business is the one that most of the organizations in the study aspire to. Social purpose businesses are characterized by having CSR completely integrated in their core business model. At the same time they are adamant about the need to make a profit on their business. At the time of writing this, the analysis of resources and how the firms mobilize them is still unfinished, but will be conducted by the EABIS conference.

[Abstract]
In this study we analyze and show how material efficiency is understood in different companies in industrial manufacturing, retail and wholesale, construction and within transportation and logistics s...

[Short version]
In this study we analyze and show how material efficiency is understood in different companies in industrial manufacturing, retail and wholesale, construction and within transportation and logistics services. In the analysis we consider these companies as potential customers of material efficiency services. We also look what kind of needs for services and solutions are expected and whether the service providers are internal or outsourced.

[Abstract]
Current market drivers are tightening supply, sharpening demand, and intensifying rules. Companies are keen to increasingly incorporate a sustainability perspective into their core business processes....

[Short version]
Current market drivers are tightening supply, sharpening demand, and intensifying rules. Companies are keen to increasingly incorporate a sustainability perspective into their core business processes. However they lack the operational expertise to facilitate the shift from CR as �altruistic patronage� to CR as key for high performance. New consulting approaches can help setting the roadmap for the right integration of Corporate Social Responsibility into corporations� core business operations.

[Abstract]
The eucalyptus pulp mill built by the Finnish company Botnia in Uruguay has been called the most controversial Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of all times. Even external conflict mediators were unabl...

[Short version]
The eucalyptus pulp mill built by the Finnish company Botnia in Uruguay has been called the most controversial Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of all times. Even external conflict mediators were unable to bring about resolution. At the origin of this conflict is the increasing relevance and power of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which have emerged as relevant players in the business-government-society interface. The purpose of this paper is to analyze arguments of both NGO and corporate representatives both prior and after the inauguration of the pulp mill, and reflect upon the preconditions for meaningful dialogue in connection with FDI.

[Abstract]
Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged as key term for the discussion of the relation between business and society. Up to now it is still unclear what CSR means. The paper highlights that the con...

[Short version]
Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged as key term for the discussion of the relation between business and society. Up to now it is still unclear what CSR means. The paper highlights that the concept CSR needs a normative foundation. The latter is named as the demand for the clarification of the moral quality of the market economy.

[Abstract]
We propose a theoretical, dynamic model that links together firm propensity to innovation and change, stakeholder cohesion, and competitive advantage. Firm propensity to innovation and change is the p...

[Short version]
We propose a theoretical, dynamic model that links together firm propensity to innovation and change, stakeholder cohesion, and competitive advantage. Firm propensity to innovation and change is the pivotal variable. In presence of high levels of competitive advantage and/or stakeholder cohesion, inertial forces and a lack of stimuli tend to reduce innovation and change. Lack of innovation, in turn, negatively impact both firm outcomes. Low levels of competitive advantage and/or stakeholder cohesion represents competitive or social gaps that managers are encouraged to fill or reduce through strategic or operational innovation and changes. Hence, the system tends to an equilibrium. Moderating variables – i.e. environmental dynamism and firm culture – may alter the system dynamics by reducing the negative effects of lack of innovation and change on competitive advantage or by preventing the inertial effects of high performances.

[Abstract]
Launching a CSR-driven innovation business takes place within the frame of reference of manage¬ments’ personal and organizational values and sense-making processes. Based on studies of 15 SMEs in t...

[Short version]
Launching a CSR-driven innovation business takes place within the frame of reference of manage¬ments’ personal and organizational values and sense-making processes. Based on studies of 15 SMEs in the Nordic countries, we have analyzed how SME managers make sense of their business as they relate it to their personal values and a global concern. As they present themselves and their business, they establish a clear link between their business purpose and the global concerns of contemporary society such as poverty, climate change, obesity, sustainable energy provision, etc. While this may be seen as a construct of an insider frame of reference, obviously managers are influenced by and relate to the sense-making of stakeholders outside the organization. In the paper we take a look at how the sense-making and sense-giving processes may support the CSR-driven SME, but also how they may impede business development if the process becomes either too self-absorbed or too decoupled from external stakeholders’ expectations.

[Abstract]
This paper attempts to re-theorize the firm from a socio-political perspective to show that a firm is not only an economic, but also a social and a political actor. This paper questions our traditio...

[Short version]
This paper attempts to re-theorize the firm from a socio-political perspective to show that a firm is not only an economic, but also a social and a political actor. This paper questions our traditional understanding of the purpose of the firm, namely the maximization of shareholder value for wealth creation. It shows that the purpose of the firm is rooted in our social life, and hence a notion of well-being gains significance to underscore corporate governance for sustainability. It argues that corporations have both rights and responsibilities like a citizen and shows that corporations too should take responsibilities seriously even when there are no rights and regulations associated with those. These responsibilities must incorporate what I shall refer to as corporate virtues. Similarly to citizens� civic virtues those are rooted in self-respect, and should go beyond regulatory obligations. Hence this paper also shows that institutions play an important role in shaping norms and virtues of global corporate governance and in fostering responsible leadership with the aim to mitigate common concerns.

[Abstract]
| For many years the relationship between private businesses and NGOs has been one characterized by antagonism. However, during recent years, a change in rhetoric and practice has been noticeable. Sev...

[Short version]
| For many years the relationship between private businesses and NGOs has been one characterized by antagonism. However, during recent years, a change in rhetoric and practice has been noticeable. Several NGOs have realized that partnerships with the private sector can help them achieve their own missions and goals. This paper reports on an ongoing research project on business-NGO partnerships in a Danish context. Most research on partnerships has been conducted as surveys in companies. They report that the majority of companies are engaged in partnerships and that the importance of partnerships will grow in importance in the years to come. However, the response rates in the surveys are mostly single digits. The research methodology in this project is to interview NGOs on their partnerships in order to map the extent of partnerships in the Danish context. In the second phase of the project in-depth interviews will be conducted with companies and NGOs in partnerships in order to determine key barriers and success factors in establishing partnerships. The paper will report findings from the first phase of the project.

[Abstract]
The stakeholder approach has become a popular perspective in management and corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature. However, it remains an open question how real-life managers actually view ...

[Short version]
The stakeholder approach has become a popular perspective in management and corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature. However, it remains an open question how real-life managers actually view their stakeholders and what rationales are used for making judgments about their relative importance. This article will try to answer this question by examining who managers in multinational corporations (MNCs) consider as their stakeholders and how they value them. It is concluded that managers still tend to hold a rather narrow view of the firm and primarily give priority to a few core stakeholder groups. The conclusions are derived from interviews and surveys of in total 504 managers in three MNCs. The data is collected as part of RESPONSE: a large EU- and corporate-funded initiative on corporate social responsibility (CSR).

[Abstract]
In this study, we formulated and tested hypothesis about the relations among the leadership of CR manager, the integration of strategy in CR to benefit from CR embedding in firm�s activities. Data of ...

[Short version]
In this study, we formulated and tested hypothesis about the relations among the leadership of CR manager, the integration of strategy in CR to benefit from CR embedding in firm�s activities. Data of a survey aimed to 100 Italian listed was used. We focused on the embedding of CR in the Porter�s Value Chain toward the analysis of data on 39 CR typical practices. The data confirm the hypothesis that a CR unit with high leadership and integration of CR in policies, targets and MBO inspires the embedding of CR in the firms� Value Chain.

[Abstract]
The purpose of our paper is to present and compare five reporting models already in use throughout the world that are at the forefront of new unbiased ways we look at business and its redefined role i...

[Short version]
The purpose of our paper is to present and compare five reporting models already in use throughout the world that are at the forefront of new unbiased ways we look at business and its redefined role in society. These models are lenses, allowing companies to improve transparency by reporting the results of their sustainability performance to multiple stakeholders - not just shareholders- , integrating financial and non financial information. Our analysis compares their conceptual aspects , highlights their many common features and outlines the few differences of the following models : Bilancio Sociale ( Italy ), Fourth Financial Statement (throughout Latin America), Estado Demostrativo do Valor Adicionado ( Brazil ), Accounting for Sustainability project (UK) and Indicator EC1 of the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines G3 . We further present relevant information and statistics on their use in practice and assess the challenges towards a uniform model that can distill and take the best aspects for a more extended dissemination of this practice in the years to come. Our study , based on our experience in business as advisors on corporate governance and sustainability reporting issues ,also revisits how three prophetic works of the 70�s are inevitably becoming a reality. In particular, how Elliot Jaques work on corporate governance enriches the analysis, contributing to the more holistic view needed for managing long term sustainable value creation.

[Abstract]
Since Prahalad & Hart�s seminal article on the concept of �Base of the Pyramid�, a large number of multinational companies have embarked on business ventures that target the poor in emerging countries...

[Short version]
Since Prahalad & Hart�s seminal article on the concept of �Base of the Pyramid�, a large number of multinational companies have embarked on business ventures that target the poor in emerging countries as potential consumers. Such programs have been introduced in management literature as the first signs of the emergence of a new business-in-society paradigm. This article seeks to analyze to what extent BOP empirical experiments have enabled to introduce innovative practices that would contribute to a new paradigm. Building on some case studies, of which two are the result of a two year action research program, the article highlights three main lessons. First, the success of some BOP experiments demonstrates that the use of market based mechanisms to address social issues can bring significant value to the beneficiaries and ensure long term effects. Next, the article shows that the most sustainable business ventures are those which are truly embedded in local economies with a good balance between financial performance and responses to social expectations. Finally, the article highlights that opening BOP ventures to third parties like NGOs, Governments or citizen sector� while providing a new governance structure and enhancing the project�s social value � introduces new forms of challenges. In the end, BOP programs contribute to the reflection on the role of business in society more by showing the barriers and limits of new practices rather than introducing a clear paradigm shift.

[Abstract]
Drawing on the assumption that acquisition success or failure is largely determined in the post-acquisition process, this paper examines the impact of post-acquisition measures of the acquiring compan...

[Short version]
Drawing on the assumption that acquisition success or failure is largely determined in the post-acquisition process, this paper examines the impact of post-acquisition measures of the acquiring company’s management on acquisition performance. Analyzing a unique sample of 158 German-German acquisitions in the years 2003-2005, this paper shows that priorities on sales activities as well as on culture and communication activities are beneficial for acquisition performance, whereas joint marketing activities and divestments after the acquisition seem to negatively influence acquisition performance. Other factors, such as aligning salary and incentive structures, keeping and integrating top executives or defining specific goals for the company do not impact acquisition performance significantly. Further, the acquiring company should prefer a relatively fast integration process and choose a high degree of organizational integration. Finally, the paper shows that relatedness and acquisition experience is positively related to acquisition performance.

[Abstract]
The concept of corporate responsibility is fundamental for business ethics theory. It has been mainly discussed as corporate social responsibility (CSR) Carroll (2004; with Buchholtz, 2000) in economi...

[Short version]
The concept of corporate responsibility is fundamental for business ethics theory. It has been mainly discussed as corporate social responsibility (CSR) Carroll (2004; with Buchholtz, 2000) in economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Other authors limit CSR to a company’s voluntary relationship with societal and community stakeholders (Waddock, 2004). More recently, the possibility was discussed that companies have political responsibility. Matten and Crane (2005) argue that companies take a political role in society by assuming rights and duties connected to citizenship. This paper focuses on developing a concept of corporate political responsibility (CPR) that can be distinguished from CSR and adds to our understanding of corporate responsibility as the overarching concept.

[Abstract]
The paper traces the historical development of the primary legal attributes of the corporate legal form in the UK and US. It shows that these legal characteristics of the corporation have functioned t...

[Short version]
The paper traces the historical development of the primary legal attributes of the corporate legal form in the UK and US. It shows that these legal characteristics of the corporation have functioned to facilitate the organizing and financing of economic enterprise and this provides a description of its purpose in society. This is significant because it shows how the law enables a positive description of the purpose of the corporation in society which can then be used as a benchmark to argue for or against prescriptions about what purpose the corporation ought to have in society.

[Abstract]
Environment, Social and Governance(ESG) Investing has been increasing in acceptance and awareness. Most leading investment houses have created SRI funds or are in the process of creating these funds. ...

[Short version]
Environment, Social and Governance(ESG) Investing has been increasing in acceptance and awareness. Most leading investment houses have created SRI funds or are in the process of creating these funds. It is quite hard to find a financial institution that doesn't have an offering of ESG products, or is planning on launching one. With the PRI (Principle for Responsible Investment), many of the large institutional investors are pledging to work towards ESG integration in their portfolio. However, what most fail to realize is SRI principles only apply to public equity, which represents a very small percentage of the total amount invested in companies. Most of the world's companies do not have stock market listings. They are funded privately through instruments such as debt financing, private equity, micro-financing and grants. Sustainable private equity or TBLI (triple bottom line investing) private equity is therefore moving up the investment agenda

[Abstract]
This paper addresses two implications of the uncertainty and complexity following recent failures in global corporate governance. The first implication is that we, as corporate responsibility research...

[Short version]
This paper addresses two implications of the uncertainty and complexity following recent failures in global corporate governance. The first implication is that we, as corporate responsibility researchers, in order to understand the role and responsibilities of businesses in society, must begin to re-invent the way we conduct our studies. As it is, research is stuck in what might be labelled an �old� modernity while both �business� and �society� in practice are drifting further away from traditional theoretical conceptions of what they are supposed to be. The call for papers for this colloquium to some extent represents these conceptual misconceptions when dividing the call into three levels � the global, the company and the personal level. This is a typical misreading since these levels are increasingly being challenged. The modernity emerging is more a liquid modernity, a flat world, than a world matching traditional ideas of social order (Bauman 2000). In short, we translate this into a call for researchers to get out of their armchairs and follow the global trails that businesses are carving out. The second implication moves from research methodology to what to follow in practice. Our focus here concerns the role of ethical codes � as written and formal moral guidelines for employees and managers in organizations � in preventing unethical behavior in particularly large, global corporations. These codes, now widely diffused among large corporations, tend to be assigned a key role in building trust among stakeholders, especially in the aftermaths of the global financial crisis, and the �we have an ethical code� is becoming a well-worn response. Our knowledge of these codes, however, does not convincingly support that they correlate positively to a better ethical climate in organizations (see Jensen, Sandstr�m and Helin 2009; Helin & Sandstr�m 2007; 2008). This might of course be because ethical codes simply do not lead to �more ethical� corporations, but, we argue, the question is also a bit premature since our knowledge of how these codes �go to work� is undeveloped (something that follows from the first deficit outlined above). The aim of this paper is to work with these two implications by following a company�s ethical code as it travels in a global context, in order to describe and understand the company�s actual organizing and how this influences ethics and responsibility. The company has a general, global code (covering about 100.000 employees in different parts of the world), which is confronted with long-distance and problematic ethical dilemmas in the company�s �global value chain� (Jensen 2007). We ask, what happens with the different dimensions of responsibility, in time and space, economically, technologically, socially, when translations of the ethical code �here and now� is confronted with realities �there and then�? How do members of the company handle moral dilemmas �over there� and what do the code do to their perceptions of what is considered right and wrong, good and bad? To follow the ethical code here means to follow where the action is; to follow different actor-networks and their efforts to formulate possibilities and problems, identify different solutions, identify stakeholders they have to respond responsibly to and stakeholders who fall outside the ethical sphere (Jensen, Sandstr�m and Helin 2009). A difficulty is of course that it is not until we have followed actual translation processes that we know where it was necessary to be (Law 2004). The code, the ethics, the company�s boundaries etc., are constructed and re-constructed in many places and in many times. Such an approach questions traditional case studies� interest to theoretically, epistemologically and methodologically, a priori define, identify and systematize, field-texts, and based on this to nail down the design of the study (Czarniawska 2007). For sure, traditional studies do reach out even though they remain in a local place and with all new information technology, one can wonder if we even have to leave our offices? Czarniawska asks the rhetorical question: �Global economies are at my fingertips on the web. Why go to �the field�, then? And to what field?� (2007: 7). We argue that different journeys are necessary; journeys that break the traditional case study methodology in which organizations usually are portrayed as fixed legal, economical, personal and strategic units (even in so-called open systems analyses). The highly elusive global context, in which many companies work does not make good with traditional methodological approaches. Oftentimes, we come across reports from NGOs (Human Rights Watch, Swedwatch, Amnesty etc.), journalists (see Kingsnorth 2003; Klein 2002) and graduate students doing Minor Field Studies. These actors are those that have actually been there and done that, in the places that the ethical codes go to work, and for them it is obvious to follow these processes as they are created, in actu. Here is one example: �I knew that to really understand this movement I would have to go and see it at work� (Kingsnorth 2003: 9). These actors do a good job, but it is important to point out that we, as corporate responsibility researchers, construct different narratives; narratives that differ from those of volunteers, journalists and students. Our narratives can also lead to new narratives being constructed, which might influence practitioners, researchers and volunteers� way of thinking and acting. It might be that studying translations of the ethical code at home, in the context of a representative democracy with strong political and state institutions, established legal systems that respond to companies trespassing them, is enough. But, neither our case company nor we live only at home. Our ethical sphere should rather be seen as global, acknowledging that our actions and our moral responsibilities have a global reach. We are, in a sense, connected in a community of faith (Beck 1999) and what I do �here and now� in my everyday practice at work and on my spare time, have consequences �there and then�. As Benhabib (2004) argues, we are morally co-existing (but not yet moral partners). However, the cause-effect relations between what happens �here and now� and �there and then� are diffuse and responsibility is often divided in time and space along different parts of the value chain (Young 2004). Our responsibility is sometimes portrayed as completed when we make the transaction, or with placing the order or making the delivery, or when other norms, moralities, laws, kick in. When we are confronted with this moral contemporariness, the lack of global solutions and institutions � and business studies � is apparent.

[Abstract]
The efficacy of state ownership as another way �to fix� corporate governance failures has been the corner stone in the current political and academic debate about numerous flaws in existing socio-econ...

[Short version]
The efficacy of state ownership as another way �to fix� corporate governance failures has been the corner stone in the current political and academic debate about numerous flaws in existing socio-economic arrangements. We believe that such discussion requires the careful assessment of two fundamental issues: the quality of institutional environment troubled companies operate in and the character of market reactions to increased state ownership. Specifically, we ask two central research questions: 1. To what extent the effect of increased state ownership on company�s financial performance gets moderated by specific institutional factors linked to the quality of corporate governance? 2. Can we claim that markets are efficient in their reactions to increased state ownership across different institutional settings? To answer these questions we design two parallel studies. The first study aims to investigate how increased state ownership affects the quality of corporate governance and company�s financial performance and to explain the moderating role of institutional factors such as the level of public enforcement, shareholders� activism and freedom of press and media in this relationship. The second study applies the methodology of event study and analyzes short, mid and long term reactions of markets (variations in stock prices) to increased state ownership in companies operating in different institutional settings. In this paper we contrast two theoretical paradigms: efficient markets hypothesis and adaptive markets hypothesis. The comparison of lagged market reactions and company�s performance triggered by the change in the ownership structure enables us to empirically test propositions offered by both paradigms across diverse institutional environments. Keywords: efficient markets hypothesis, adaptive markets hypothesis, state ownership, corporate governance, company�s performance, market reactions.

[Abstract]
While a �business case� is often advanced for corporate social responsibility (CSR), little is known about the precise impact it has on consumers. It has been widely speculated that socially responsi...

[Short version]
While a �business case� is often advanced for corporate social responsibility (CSR), little is known about the precise impact it has on consumers. It has been widely speculated that socially responsible behavior will be subject to a halo effect whereby consumer awareness of CSR actions in one domain will influence their perceptions of CSR performance in other domains about which they have little or no information, as well as general perceptions of the organization�s CSR performance. We test this CSR halo effect in lab-based experiments where participants are exposed to scenarios describing company actions on the environment, community, disadvantaged consumers or work/life balance.

[Abstract]
The role and purpose of business in society differ over time and according to the national contexts. Within each country, both endogeneous and exogeneous factors have an impact on the way the relation...

[Short version]
The role and purpose of business in society differ over time and according to the national contexts. Within each country, both endogeneous and exogeneous factors have an impact on the way the relations between companies and their stakeholders are defined. CSR discourses and practices are first influenced by the cultural, socio-economic and legal traditions of each country. However, in the era of globalization, they evolve also as a result of global influences, such as initiatives of supranational organizations, international practices of companies, NGOs, trade unions, the rapid evolution of technology and global connectivity, as well as the international academic discourse. To highlight the interplay between these different influences, this article analyses CSR discourses and practices in two different national contexts: France and Brazil. Both countries have strong national cultures that have shaped the way CSR is discussed and implemented through concrete initiatives, but their companies and their stakeholders are also exposed to global challenges that have had an impact on the evolution of both the CSR discourses and practices.

[Abstract]
Stakeholder governance mechanisms have been suggested to align the realities of board rooms with the concerns of the general public. Apart from anecdotal evidence for stakeholder advisory boards no em...

[Short version]
Stakeholder governance mechanisms have been suggested to align the realities of board rooms with the concerns of the general public. Apart from anecdotal evidence for stakeholder advisory boards no empirical investigation has been carried out to analyse how stakeholder concerns influence decision-making at board level. This gap in research is addressed by a qualitative comparative case study looking at the stakeholder governance arrangements of various companies. Results suggest that there are different levels of stakeholder governance which span from sharing information and consultation to granting stakeholders power such as veto-rights in the decision-making process.

[Abstract]
This paper investigates how Thai people understand what corporate social responsibility (CSR) is . As most of the CSR activities are firm-oriented, a new perspective of value-oriented CSR might be nec...

[Short version]
This paper investigates how Thai people understand what corporate social responsibility (CSR) is . As most of the CSR activities are firm-oriented, a new perspective of value-oriented CSR might be necessary in order to win the heart of the consumers. Open-ended questionnaires were distributed to people who live or work in Bangkok as a representative of urbanized cities in the developing economies. The data collected were analyzed by descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results show that most respondents view philanthropy i.e., donation of money and things, as activities that represent CSR activities. However, when asked to name a company with outstanding CSR and the reasons, the respondents evaluates whether a company is socially responsible by two criteria. One is the how persistent and sincere the company is doing their CSR activities. The other is the contents of the activities, i.e., internal activities like product development, employee welfare, and so forth. When asked to list the stakeholders that companies should be responsible for, the respondents ranked society/environment, employees, customers, the minor, and the underprivileged as top five stakeholders. When asked to name actions that show companies� social irresponsibility, the failure to manage any consequences that could affect the environment and surrounding communities as well as inability or carelessness to take care of employees and consumers were at the top of lists. This finding emphasizes the importance of doing CSR at the company level to fulfill the least expectations so that the companies would not be labeled as socially irresponsible. CSR activities and advertisement to the public would be recognized as such only when they are done continuously and sincerely to render concrete outcomes. In other words, a me-too CSR strategy could not convince the public that the company is socially responsible in case of the Thai context.

[Abstract]
Incentive has been introduced to align the interests between the principal and the agent. However without careful design, this mechanism can cause side effects in driving the manager to manipulate acc...

[Short version]
Incentive has been introduced to align the interests between the principal and the agent. However without careful design, this mechanism can cause side effects in driving the manager to manipulate accounting numbers. This may cause of current financial meltdown. Healy (1985) suggested use the discretion value of Total Accruals to be the proxy of earning management. This paper aims to explore how executive incentive influences earning management, while the role of performance and the ownership structure has also been concerned. This archival research uses 132 data sets from Thai listed companies. The data were collected from annual report, the Stock Exchange of Thailand database, and DataStream. There were analyses by using a cross-sectional multiple regression structure. The OLS regressions indicate that the bonus pay, corporate performance, and industries are associated with earning management. By splitting family ownerships� manager into three groups, this research confirms that when the managers received the lowest amount of bonus, they tended to manipulate the accounting number downward to satisfy his own need in the future. No evidence has been found in the median and highest bonus paid group.

[Abstract]
Research on communication and conversation as a means to achieve desired results within strategy development and governance is scarce. Thus, there is a lack of insight into the interconnectedness of m...

[Short version]
Research on communication and conversation as a means to achieve desired results within strategy development and governance is scarce. Thus, there is a lack of insight into the interconnectedness of management conversations and strategy. This paper aims to address the complex and dynamic relation between strategy and management conversations. On the basis of analyses of authentic corporate social responsibility (CSR) oriented interactions, namely voluntary sickness leave conversations, the paper discusses how questions of CSR strategy are talked into being. The analysis shows that the way a manager engages in the conversation is decisive for reorienting a company�s CSR strategy. By either engaging in or refraining from participating in the conversation, the leader can reorient the strategy. For the field of management these results indicate that a stronger focus on the emergent aspects of strategy could contribute to an increased understanding of the complex nature of the relationship between CSR strategy development and management conversations.

[Abstract]
Until recently, most corporations concentrated on very few stakeholders contributing to a firm�s value creation process. However, corporations increasingly realize and especially since the financial c...

[Short version]
Until recently, most corporations concentrated on very few stakeholders contributing to a firm�s value creation process. However, corporations increasingly realize and especially since the financial crisis that this attitude is grounded in a narrow understanding of their role in the society. The pharmaceutical industry, to which we refer in our article as an example, suffers considerably from this effect as the companies focused their communication and interaction mainly on physicians and shareholders. Due to the growing importance of health issues (e.g. costs explosion, access to medicines) in our globalized world, the stakeholders �media� and �population� are becoming more and more important for pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to introduce opinion research as a corporate tool to communicate in an interactive way with all relevant stakeholders to keep up company�s role in the society. In the second part of the paper opinion research as a corporate tool is applied to the single case Pfizer Switzerland to illustrate possible managerial impact.

[Abstract]
This paper reflects on the extent to which (socially) responsible investment decisions can be an agent for change towards a market economy more aligned to social goals. Although currently, responsible...

[Short version]
This paper reflects on the extent to which (socially) responsible investment decisions can be an agent for change towards a market economy more aligned to social goals. Although currently, responsible investment has limited influence on company decisions, the story of its development provides some insights into how the association of social goals with financial investment goals can progress over time. The analysis adopts a systems perspective, identifying the relevance of learning processes, bounded rationality, heroic elements and feedback effects in generating change within the system.

[Abstract]
Mutual funds have grown considerably within the financial system. Investors may be motivated by the financial advantages offered by funds such as those deriving from professional portfolio management....

[Short version]
Mutual funds have grown considerably within the financial system. Investors may be motivated by the financial advantages offered by funds such as those deriving from professional portfolio management. In addition, the social component of some mutual funds, known as socially responsible mutual funds, may also be an investment incentive for some. The aim of the present paper is therefore to analyze investor behavior in response to socially responsible investment alternatives. To this end, we adopt an analysis based on experimental methodology, where a sample of individuals take investment decisions related to various parameters of information, return combinations, and social responsibility. Two treatments were conducted in which each investor had to decide how to distribute his or her investment budget between two funds, returns on which were uncertain and varied over time. Between the two treatments, we varied the degree of information provided on the socially responsible character (or otherwise) of the investment. The results obtained suggest that although the individuals� criteria for investment are essentially guided by returns, they invest significantly more in a fund when they know it is socially responsible. Furthermore, the level of social awareness among a substantial group of investors is such that they invest relatively more in ethical funds, even when return differentials are unfavorable.

[Abstract]
The paper discusses the importance of Cause Related Marketing (CRM) as a marketing tool used in building corporate reputation by addressing the needs of key stakeholder groups whilst addressing social...

[Short version]
The paper discusses the importance of Cause Related Marketing (CRM) as a marketing tool used in building corporate reputation by addressing the needs of key stakeholder groups whilst addressing social issues and business objectives. CRM can become an effective tool that can be used by corporations in order to defuse criticism and protect their image. Businesses are aspiring to combine their profit goals with benefiting the welfare of the society through the implementation of practices such as corporate philanthropy and CRM. What is interesting though is to establish the way in which their efforts are perceived by key stakeholder groups such as consumers. The paper discusses the findings that emerged from a research study that was carried out in Cyprus with the aim of shedding light onto the consumers' perceptions in relation to the practice of CRM.

[Abstract]
This paper explores the factors that block the creation of congruence in people and organizations and explores strategies that can simultaneous and congruently move people and organizations to a path ...

[Short version]
This paper explores the factors that block the creation of congruence in people and organizations and explores strategies that can simultaneous and congruently move people and organizations to a path of sustainability. Congruence and sustainability can be seen as anathemas to one another when trying to discuss healing and connected actions between people and organizational systems. Yet, the overarching purpose of this short treatise is to demonstrate the connection and pathway for understanding people in the world of work and play, and to give a congruence perspective for the development of sustainable thought and action in the lives of all.

[Abstract]
The aim of the study is to draw an intercultural and international comparison of how small business leaders perceive CSR and business ethics related concepts. Using the Repertory Grid Technique, 20 SM...

[Short version]
The aim of the study is to draw an intercultural and international comparison of how small business leaders perceive CSR and business ethics related concepts. Using the Repertory Grid Technique, 20 SME leaders are interviewed in five European countries of Latin, Scandinavian, German and Anglosaxon cultures. The analysis notices important differences in the mental models among the countries.

[Abstract]
Launched in 2008, the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME) adapt the principles of the UN Global Compact to the sector of business education. Within less than two years, more than 220...

[Short version]
Launched in 2008, the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME) adapt the principles of the UN Global Compact to the sector of business education. Within less than two years, more than 220 business schools and universities have signed these principles that cover teaching, research, corporate relations as well as dialogue with stakeholders. The implementation of these principles poses a challenge to business schools, in particular in transforming the curriculum, both in terms of pedagogical approach and content. In this paper, through our involvement in the implementation of the PRME at two business schools in Finland and France, we set out to discuss some of our pedagogical approaches and the teaching and learning experiences they lead to.

[Abstract]
We argue in this paper that responsible global leadership depends largely on how leaders think about the world in which they live and operate ─ and thus on an appropriate leadership mindset ^...

[Short version]
We argue in this paper that responsible global leadership depends largely on how leaders think about the world in which they live and operate ─ and thus on an appropriate leadership mindset ─ and if, and how, business leaders put this mindset into action. Our argument is structured as follows: First, we define the purpose of responsible leadership as a leader’s caring attention towards her multiple constituencies by engaging in and sustaining trustful relationships towards all of these stakeholders and by performing a variety of key leadership roles (Maak & Pless, 2006). Second, we discuss the increased environmental complexity in terms of stakeholder values, expectations, potential dilemmas and the quest for more inclusive and diverse notions of stakeholder performance. Third, we introduce and discuss several domains of complexity required of leaders to match this environmental complexity. Fourth, and in light of the four dimensions of leader complexity (cognitive, behavioral, social, motivational) we develop propositions and implications for further research on responsible leadership. We conclude this paper by discussing the implications of leader complexity for responsible leadership and the quest for a more inclusive global system of value creation.

[Abstract]
The present research programme attempts to analyse actions and experiments in companies relating to the evaluation of managers� strategic practices and relationships with the construction of an ethica...

[Short version]
The present research programme attempts to analyse actions and experiments in companies relating to the evaluation of managers� strategic practices and relationships with the construction of an ethical engagement with responsibility. We develop this programme in a very concrete, empirical and tailor-made approach. Our main objective is to answer relevant questions asked by companies and their managers.

[Abstract]
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between virtues, sense of humor and organizational outcomes and to propose a tentative framework of relationships. ...

[Short version]
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between virtues, sense of humor and organizational outcomes and to propose a tentative framework of relationships.

[Abstract]
Recently, an award-winning article (Collis and Rukstad, 2008) advocated building a strong strategy statement, which consists of an objective, a scope and a clear advantage. While the authors recognise...

[Short version]
Recently, an award-winning article (Collis and Rukstad, 2008) advocated building a strong strategy statement, which consists of an objective, a scope and a clear advantage. While the authors recognise components such as mission, vision and values, they claim that, contrary to a strategic statement, these components will not drive the business. However, a strategy statement that is not clearly embedded in ethical values is dangerous, since it might lead to the destruction of organisations (Ashforth et al., 2008) and psychologically endanger the practitioner (Diamond and Allcorn, 1984; Frankl, 1986). Moreover, while having a clear strategy statement is a necessity, a mounting body of empirical (Collins, 2001; Collins and Porras, 2005; Gilkey and Kilts, 2007) and theoretical (Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2009) evidence shows that viewing the financial results of an organisation as the goal and all the rest as the means of achieving is a wrong practice; such a practice would fail in the long run even though many still believe otherwise. Hence, we ask first, why scholars and companies keep on focusing on the financial goals instead on deeper values in spite of the mounting evidence that this approach is destructive. Second, what should an organisation�s best practice be? Mankind uses two fundamental cognitive comparing processes � contrast and similarity (Kelly, 1955). This comparing process is subjective and personal (Landfield, 1976), and requires the use of human logic - comparing between two equally good options. However, people tend to impose binary logic � good vs. bad � on this process, viewing over time their subjective choice as an ultimate truth (Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2008). The reason for surrendering to binary logic instead of human logic is rooted in our need for contrast. Since we believe that our view is true, we deduct that the other view is faulty. Thus, it is extremely taxing emotionally to hold the stick at both ends: claiming that our view is true while respecting that an opposing view is equally valid. This emotional pressure leads people to justify their actions logically leading to several ways of paradox distortion (Lewis, 2000; Mostovicz, 2008; Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2008). These binary logic contrasts and comparisons that people tend to make are embedded in biology. Etcoff (1999) claims that the biological world has a tendency to compete on the explicit and external relationship front. For this reason and to impress the other gender, members of the same gender compete on variables appreciated by their peers and not necessarily by the opposite sex. In other words, biologically, we try to impress our peers regardless of whether there is a clear purpose behind it. Since competing is natural, people tend to predefine it through using binary logic. The business community has replaced the peacock�s tail with profits, rate of growth, market share and other economic yardsticks without really justifying why they have chosen these measures of choice (Collins, 2001). Such an approach led people and organisations to believe that competing successfully, rather than doing the right thing, is ethical. Consequently, governance systems and ethical means were developed while keeping business success as a key goal (Collis and Rukstad, 2008). However, unfortunately, these governance systems still leave a lot to be desired. On the other hand, we presented (Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2009; Mostovicz and Kakabadse, in press) a human logic approach that is based on unique human purpose for choosing according to our worldview while recognising that another good option exists. After all, if a person shuns his core values and follows only his biological nature, what pre-eminence has he over the beast? This approach defines leadership differently from how this term is usually defined. First, leadership is measured by action � what one actually does � and not by skills or abilities � what one can do. Second, these actions have to reflect the person�s ideal self (Hinkle, 1965) or worldview. Our research indicates that two such worldviews exist, Theta and Lambda. Whereas Thetas seek social affiliation, Lambdas look for personal challenge (Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2009; Mostovicz and Kakabadse, in press). Those worldviews differ in their source of motivation, goal, behaviour, the type of benefit they seek, their perception of truth, and the way they perceive leadership. These two approaches clash fundamentally because the drive for achievement ends in separating oneself from others (or making oneself unique), while its counterpart seeks to affiliate itself with others and work in unison. As a consequence, this tension can lead to personal bias or a distortion of the paradox within leadership (Mostovicz, Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2008). According to this definition, leadership is not exclusively the domain of the executive; it can and should be practiced throughout the organisation. However, since people hold contrasting worldviews, not paying attention to the differences might be harmful both to organisations and people. Reviewing a wide range of interviews with top management (chairs, CEO�s and similar) revealed that while these interviews were not intended to explore the executives� worldviews, they nonetheless always surfaced by each interview�s end. For example, our data shows that while responsibility for the organisation is a central theme for many executives, it is expressed differently according to the executive�s worldview. A Theta cares for the security of the society�s members and consequently takes the entire responsibility on his shoulders. On the other hand, a Lambda provides for the autonomy and freedom of each member allowing them to be responsible for their own actions. Another example is the way executives take decisions. While Thetas tend to listen first to their peers� opinion to form a consensus, Lambdas tend to present their own view to challenge their peers. Not only do they expect criticism but they look for it since it sharpens their view. Since a key ingredient to this approach is to respect the other�s worldview, managers should learn to identify their colleagues� worldview and to act accordingly. For example, providing freedom and autonomy to a Theta might cause anxiety while caring too closely for a Lambda might lead to a feeling of suffocation. In daily life, people learn to work in environments that do not suit their worldview. However, such an environment discourages workers, who might act irresponsibly and eventually unethically (Gagn� and Deci, 2005). Hence, while a strong strategy statement is helpful, the executive must also pay attention to how this strategy should be implemented according to each player�s worldview if he aims to avoid an organisation which acts carelessly, indifferently and unethically. While global governance, corporate governance and organisational leadership seem to be three separate levels of analysis, they are interlinked and they influence each other. In particular, a lack of understanding for what leadership implies might lead to improper corporate governance and consequently to a global failure. While governance rules dictate what to do, proper leadership applies those rules based on one�s worldview and on respect for those of his colleagues. Acting ethically and responsibly eventually leads to deeper understanding of those governance rules, of understanding when and where to use them and even to reduce them to a bearable minimum.

[Abstract]
This paper concerns a project by the Network for Promoting Sustainability in Postgraduate Education & Research (ProSPER.Net), sponsored by United Nations University, and funded by the Ministry of Envi...

[Short version]
This paper concerns a project by the Network for Promoting Sustainability in Postgraduate Education & Research (ProSPER.Net), sponsored by United Nations University, and funded by the Ministry of Environment, Japan. The project involved a consortium of South East Asian and Asia Pacific universities committed to integrating sustainable development issues into their business school curricula, teaching and research. The paper reports on the activities of these universities, and discusses the experiences, challenges, and processes involved with implementing sustainable development issues in business schools in Asia. In particular, this paper reports on the research carried out to support efforts to integrate sustainability into business school activities: Firstly, in order to contextualize the activities and processes of the consortium universities, we ran a region-wide survey, examining the extent to which Asian business schools integrated sustainability issues into their curricula and teaching. The findings of this survey are reported in this presentation. Secondly, we carried out research examining how business school teaching, research and outreach could support the alleviation of poverty. The alleviation of poverty is one of the key components of sustainable development poverty � it is also one of the Millennium Development Goals. We sought to understand how business school activities could benefit the poor, and support social businesses and other institutions aimed at tackling poverty-related issues. We thus visited social business and poverty alleviation projects in the region to, examining how they worked, and how business education institutions could better support them. This involved visits to active social business projects in Thailand, Cambodia and Bangladesh. As part of this process, we forged partnerships, and held meetings with actors and institutions in the region concerned with poverty alleviation, notably UNEP, the Wetlands Alliance Program, the Poverty Reduction and Agricultural Management initiative, and Grameen Bank. We report on the findings of this research, and discuss how business schools can better understand, and respond to, sustainable development issues in Asia.

[Abstract]
This paper develops an �ordonomic� approach to business ethics in the age of globalization. Using a three-tiered conceptual framework that distinguishes between the basic game of antagonistic social c...

[Short version]
This paper develops an �ordonomic� approach to business ethics in the age of globalization. Using a three-tiered conceptual framework that distinguishes between the basic game of antagonistic social cooperation, the meta game of rule-setting, and the meta-meta game of rule-finding discourse, we address three questions, the answers to which we believe are crucial to fostering effective business leadership and corporate social responsibility. First, the purpose of business in society is social value creation. Companies have a social mandate to organize mutually advantageous cooperation. Second, business ethics should teach the management competencies necessary to fulfill business�s societal mandate. These competencies are optimization competence in the basic game of value creation, governance competence in the meta game of political rule-setting, and the three discourse-related skills of orientation competence, reception competence, and communication competence necessary for engaging in the meta-meta game. Third, companies can help solve global problems through global corporate citizenship if they participate as political and moral actors in rule-setting processes and rule-finding discourse aimed at laying the foundation for social value creation on a global scale.

[Abstract]
A multi-year research project in New Zealand has been monitoring the uptake of sustainability practices since 2003. Survey results in 2006 reported values and beliefs of management were the overwhelm...

[Short version]
A multi-year research project in New Zealand has been monitoring the uptake of sustainability practices since 2003. Survey results in 2006 reported values and beliefs of management were the overwhelming driver for implementing sustainability. Follow-up interviews with 5% of survey respondents are currently being conducted. The follow-up interviews will provide more clarity about what is influencing the values of business managers. In addition, survey responses are being analysed to determine if these sustainability values equate into substantive sustainability practices.

[Abstract]
This research focuses on a set of societal, environmental and stakeholder governance drivers relevant to international firms that drive competitive advantage assessed by Economic Value Added (EV...

[Short version]
This research focuses on a set of societal, environmental and stakeholder governance drivers relevant to international firms that drive competitive advantage assessed by Economic Value Added (EVA). International firms were classified into three groups based on high positive, low positive and negative EVA. Responses received from the USA, Europe and Asia Pacific were analyzed using published data on Economic Value Added. The results show significant differences between important societal drivers, for instance, ethical business practices with internal and external stakeholders for the USA sample. For the Asian sample, only three societal drivers were significantly different. Further analysis estimated the extent that the societal, environmental and the stakeholder governance drivers predict competitive advantage. There is a distinct difference between the USA sample and the Asia samples. Future analysis is possible to dynamically benchmark how the Asian, USA and European companies may chart their relevant societal, environmental and stakeholder governance drivers to maintain sustainability and growth. Keywords: International firms, competitive advantage, Economic Value Added, societal, environmental, stakeholder governance drivers

[Abstract]
This study investigates the skills and competencies of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) managers of an award-winning corporation in Thailand using a qualitative research approach. The aim of this...

[Short version]
This study investigates the skills and competencies of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) managers of an award-winning corporation in Thailand using a qualitative research approach. The aim of this research is to define and analyze how managers use their skills and competencies in CSR practices within the Thai context. This paper further discusses the skills and competencies used by managers that are affected by the Thai culture. The data consists of interviews with managers of the Siam Cement Group (SCG), one of Thailand�s largest and most successful corporations. The results suggest that Thai cultural values play an influential role in the application of skills and competencies within CSR practices.

[Abstract]
In this paper the corporate social responsibility (CSR) debate is reframed in terms of small business. The credibility of CSR as both an aspect of practical management and as scholarly research rests ...

[Short version]
In this paper the corporate social responsibility (CSR) debate is reframed in terms of small business. The credibility of CSR as both an aspect of practical management and as scholarly research rests on analysis of large firms, despite the fact that these are a very small minority of business organisations. Idiosyncrasies of small businesses which relate to issues of social responsibility include the intersection of ownership and control of the firm; owner-manager types, integrity and independence; proximity, informality and relationships and; the perspective on profit. Carroll�s pyramid of components of CSR is used as a framework and redesigned to demonstrate relevance to small business. Crucially, rather than having responsibility to society, small business owner-managers are positioned as having responsibilities to themselves and their families, their employees, their business partners and their community. Components of social responsibility include the personal integrity of the owner-manager, survival of the business, ethics and philanthropy. The importance of these components varies according to the object of responsibility. The far reaching implications of this research for managers, academia, policy makers and business are presented.